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Science 11 April 2003:
Vol. 300. no. 5617, pp. 318 - 321
DOI: 10.1126/science.1081449
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Reports

Early Origin and Recent Expansion of Plasmodium falciparum

Deirdre A. Joy,1* Xiaorong Feng,1 Jianbing Mu,1 Tetsuya Furuya,1 Kesinee Chotivanich,2 Antoniana U. Krettli,3 May Ho,4 Alex Wang,5 Nicholas J. White,2 Edward Suh,5 Peter Beerli,6 Xin-zhuan Su1

The emergence of virulent Plasmodium falciparum in Africa within the past 6000 years as a result of a cascade of changes in human behavior and mosquito transmission has recently been hypothesized. Here, we provide genetic evidence for a sudden increase in the African malaria parasite population about 10,000 years ago, followed by migration to other regions on the basis of variation in 100 worldwide mitochondrial DNA sequences. However, both the world and some regional populations appear to be older (50,000 to 100,000 years old), suggesting an earlier wave of migration out of Africa, perhaps during the Pleistocene migration of human beings.

1 Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA.
2 Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
3 Malaria Laboratory, Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, FIOCRUZAv, Augusto de Lima 1715 Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil.
4 Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
5 Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
6 School of Computational Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Dirac Science Library, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4120, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: djoy{at}niaid.nih.gov

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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)