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Evolution of Supergene Families Associated with Insecticide Resistance
Hilary Ranson,1Charles Claudianos,23Federica Ortelli,1Christelle Abgrall,4Janet Hemingway,1Maria V. Sharakhova,5Maria F. Unger,5Frank H. Collins,5René Feyereisen4*
The emergence of insecticide resistance in the mosquito poses a
serious threat to the efficacy of many malaria control programs.We
have searched the Anopheles gambiae genome for members of
thethree major enzyme families-- the carboxylesterases, glutathionetransferases, and cytochrome P450s--that are primarily responsiblefor
metabolic resistance to insecticides. A comparative genomicanalysis
with Drosophila melanogaster reveals that a considerableexpansion of these supergene families has occurred in the mosquito.Low
gene orthology and little chromosomal synteny paradoxicallycontrast
the easily identified orthologous groups of genes presumablyseeded by
common ancestors. In A. gambiae, the independent expansionof paralogous genes is mainly a consequence of the formation ofclusters among locally duplicated genes. These expansions mayreflect
the functional diversification of supergene families consistentwith
major differences in the life history and ecology of theseorganisms.
These data provide a basis for identifying the resistance-associatedenzymes within these families. This will enable the resistancestatus
of mosquitoes, flies, and possibly other holometabolousinsects to be
monitored. The analyses also provide the means foridentifying
previously unknown molecules involved in fundamentalbiological
processes such as development.
1 Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,
Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
2 Centre for
the Molecular Genetics of Development, Research School of Biological
Sciences, Australian National University, GPO Box 475, ACT 2601 Australia.
3 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization (CSIRO) Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT
2601, Australia.
4 Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique Centre de Recherche d'Antibes, 1382 Route de Biot, 06560 Valbonne, France.
5 Center for Tropical Disease
Research and Training, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
46556-0369, USA.
*
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
rfeyer{at}salis.antibes.inra.fr
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