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Science 4 October 2002:
Vol. 298. no. 5591, pp. 149 - 159
DOI: 10.1126/science.1077061
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Research Articles

Comparative Genome and Proteome Analysis of Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster

Evgeny M. Zdobnov,1* Christian von Mering,1* Ivica Letunic,1* David Torrents,1 Mikita Suyama,1 Richard R. Copley,2 George K. Christophides,1 Dana Thomasova,1 Robert A. Holt,3 G. Mani Subramanian,3 Hans-Michael Mueller,1 George Dimopoulos,4 John H. Law,5 Michael A. Wells,5 Ewan Birney,6 Rosane Charlab,3 Aaron L. Halpern,3 Elena Kokoza,7 Cheryl L. Kraft,3 Zhongwu Lai,3 Suzanna Lewis,8 Christos Louis,9 Carolina Barillas-Mury,10 Deborah Nusskern,3 Gerald M. Rubin,8 Steven L. Salzberg,11 Granger G. Sutton,3 Pantelis Topalis,9 Ron Wides,12 Patrick Wincker,13 Mark Yandell,3 Frank H. Collins,14 Jose Ribeiro,15 William M. Gelbart,16 Fotis C. Kafatos,1 Peer Bork1

Comparison of the genomes and proteomes of the two diptera Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster, which diverged about 250 million years ago, reveals considerable similarities. However, numerous differences are also observed; some of these must reflect the selection and subsequent adaptation associated with different ecologies and life strategies. Almost half of the genes in both genomes are interpreted as orthologs and show an average sequence identity of about 56%, which is slightly lower than that observed between the orthologs of the pufferfish and human (diverged about 450 million years ago). This indicates that these two insects diverged considerably faster than vertebrates. Aligned sequences reveal that orthologous genes have retained only half of their intron/exon structure, indicating that intron gains or losses have occurred at a rate of about one per gene per 125 million years. Chromosomal arms exhibit significant remnants of homology between the two species, although only 34% of the genes colocalize in small "microsyntenic" clusters, and major interarm transfers as well as intra-arm shuffling of gene order are detected.

1 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
2 Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
3 Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
4 Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
5 University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA.
6 European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
7 Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Sibirian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
8 University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
9 Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Post Office Box 1527, GR-711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece, and University of Crete, GR-711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
10 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1671, USA.
11 The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
12 Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
13 Genoscope/Centre National de Sequencage and CNRS-UMR 8030, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91057 Evry Cedex 06, France.
14 Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA.
15 Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 4 Center Drive, MSC 0425, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA.
16 Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
*   These authors contributed equally to this work.

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