Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Scarab Genomics

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Originally published in Science Express on 5 September 2002
Science 27 September 2002:
Vol. 297. no. 5590, pp. 2232 - 2237
DOI: 10.1126/science.1076466
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Research Articles

Establishment and Maintenance of a Heterochromatin Domain

Ira M. Hall,12* Gurumurthy D. Shankaranarayana,1* Ken-ichi Noma,1* Nabieh Ayoub,3 Amikam Cohen,3 Shiv I. S. Grewal12dagger

The higher-order assembly of chromatin imposes structural organization on the genetic information of eukaryotes and is thought to be largely determined by posttranslational modification of histone tails. Here, we study a 20-kilobase silent domain at the mating-type region of fission yeast as a model for heterochromatin formation. We find that, although histone H3 methylated at lysine 9 (H3 Lys9) directly recruits heterochromatin protein Swi6/HP1, the critical determinant for H3 Lys9 methylation to spread in cis and to be inherited through mitosis and meiosis is Swi6 itself. We demonstrate that a centromere-homologous repeat (cenH) present at the silent mating-type region is sufficient for heterochromatin formation at an ectopic site, and that its repressive capacity is mediated by components of the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery. Moreover, cenH and the RNAi machinery cooperate to nucleate heterochromatin assembly at the endogenous mat locus but are dispensable for its subsequent inheritance. This work defines sequential requirements for the initiation and propagation of regional heterochromatic domains.

1 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,
2 Watson School of Biological Sciences, Post Office Box 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
3 Department of Molecular Biology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91010.
*   These authors contributed equally to this work.

dagger    To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: grewal{at}cshl.org

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Effect of 27nt Small RNA on Endothelial Nitric-Oxide Synthase Expression.
M.-X. Zhang, C. Zhang, Y. H. Shen, J. Wang, X.-N. Li, L. Chen, Y. Zhang, J. S. Coselli, and X. L. Wang (2008)
Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 3997-4005
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Closed Chromatin Architecture Is Induced by an RNA Duplex Targeting the HIV-1 Promoter Region.
K. Suzuki, T. Juelich, H. Lim, T. Ishida, T. Watanebe, D. A. Cooper, S. Rao, and A. D. Kelleher (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 23353-23363
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DXZ4 chromatin adopts an opposing conformation to that of the surrounding chromosome and acquires a novel inactive X-specific role involving CTCF and antisense transcripts.
B. P. Chadwick (2008)
Genome Res. 18, 1259-1269
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Argonaute Transports siRNAs from the Cytoplasm to the Nucleus.
S. Guang, A. F. Bochner, D. M. Pavelec, K. B. Burkhart, S. Harding, J. Lachowiec, and S. Kennedy (2008)
Science 321, 537-541
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tandem repeats upstream of the Arabidopsis endogene SDC recruit non-CG DNA methylation and initiate siRNA spreading.
I. R. Henderson and S. E. Jacobsen (2008)
Genes & Dev. 22, 1597-1606
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chp1-Tas3 Interaction Is Required To Recruit RITS to Fission Yeast Centromeres and for Maintenance of Centromeric Heterochromatin.
J. L. DeBeauchamp, A. Moses, V. J. P. Noffsinger, D. L. Ulrich, G. Job, A. M. Kosinski, and J. F. Partridge (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 2154-2166
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PolIVb influences RNA-directed DNA methylation independently of its role in siRNA biogenesis.
R. A. Mosher, F. Schwach, D. Studholme, and D. C. Baulcombe (2008)
PNAS 105, 3145-3150
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of Dynamic Changes in Post-translational Modifications of Human Histones during Cell Cycle by Mass Spectrometry.
D. Bonenfant, H. Towbin, M. Coulot, P. Schindler, D. R. Mueller, and J. van Oostrum (2007)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 6, 1917-1932
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNAi-dependent H3K27 methylation is required for heterochromatin formation and DNA elimination in Tetrahymena.
Y. Liu, S. D. Taverna, T. L. Muratore, J. Shabanowitz, D. F. Hunt, and C. D. Allis (2007)
Genes & Dev. 21, 1530-1545
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Clr4 methyltransferase determines the subnuclear localization of the mating-type region in fission yeast.
J. Alfredsson-Timmins, F. Henningson, and P. Bjerling (2007)
J. Cell Sci. 120, 1935-1943
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Programming Smooth Muscle Plasticity With Chromatin Dynamics.
O. G. McDonald and G. K. Owens (2007)
Circ. Res. 100, 1428-1441
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HULC, a Histone H2B Ubiquitinating Complex, Modulates Heterochromatin Independent of Histone Methylation in Fission Yeast.
M. Zofall and S. I. S. Grewal (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 14065-14072
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana 5S rRNA Genes.
I. Vaillant, S. Tutois, C. Cuvillier, I. Schubert, and S. Tourmente (2007)
Plant Cell Physiol. 48, 745-752
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interaction of Epe1 With the Heterochromatin Assembly Pathway in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
S. Isaac, J. Walfridsson, T. Zohar, D. Lazar, T. Kahan, K. Ekwall, and A. Cohen (2007)
Genetics 175, 1549-1560
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Np95 Is Implicated in Pericentromeric Heterochromatin Replication and in Major Satellite Silencing.
R. Papait, C. Pistore, D. Negri, D. Pecoraro, L. Cantarini, and I. M. Bonapace (2007)
Mol. Biol. Cell 18, 1098-1106
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HP1 Binding to Chromatin Methylated at H3K9 Is Enhanced by Auxiliary Factors.
R. Eskeland, A. Eberharter, and A. Imhof (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 453-465
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Concise Review: Epigenetic Mechanisms Contribute to Pluripotency and Cell Lineage Determination of Embryonic Stem Cells.
Q. Gan, T. Yoshida, O. G. McDonald, and G. K. Owens (2007)
Stem Cells 25, 2-9
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Timing and Sequence Requirements Defined for Embryonic Maintenance of Imprinted DNA Methylation at Rasgrf1.
R. Holmes, Y. Chang, and P. D. Soloway (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 9564-9570
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interactions between the RNA Interference Effector Protein Ago1 and 14-3-3 Proteins: CONSEQUENCES FOR CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION.
C. Stoica, J. B. Carmichael, H. Parker, J. Pare, and T. C. Hobman (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 37646-37651
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human heterochromatin proteins form large domains containing KRAB-ZNF genes.
M. J. Vogel, L. Guelen, E. de Wit, D. P. Hupkes, M. Loden, W. Talhout, M. Feenstra, B. Abbas, A.-K. Classen, and B. van Steensel (2006)
Genome Res. 16, 1493-1504
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcription and Evolutionary Dynamics of the Centromeric Satellite Repeat CentO in Rice.
H.-R. Lee, P. Neumann, J. Macas, and J. Jiang (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 2505-2520
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetic regulators and histone modification.
A. Imhof (2006)
Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 5, 222-227
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Small RNAs just got bigger: Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in mammalian testes.
V. N. Kim (2006)
Genes & Dev. 20, 1993-1997
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of the piRNA Complex from Rat Testes.
N. C. Lau, A. G. Seto, J. Kim, S. Kuramochi-Miyagawa, T. Nakano, D. P. Bartel, and R. E. Kingston (2006)
Science 313, 363-367
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fission Yeast Cid12 Has Dual Functions in Chromosome Segregation and Checkpoint Control.
T. Z. Win, A. L. Stevenson, and S.-W. Wang (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 4435-4447
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The assembly and maintenance of heterochromatin initiated by transgene repeats are independent of the RNA interference pathway in Mammalian cells..
F. Wang, N. Koyama, H. Nishida, T. Haraguchi, W. Reith, and T. Tsukamoto (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 4028-4040
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Euchromatin and Pericentromeric Heterochromatin: Comparative Composition in the Tomato Genome.
Y. Wang, X. Tang, Z. Cheng, L. Mueller, J. Giovannoni, and S. D. Tanksley (2006)
Genetics 172, 2529-2540
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Effects of Heterochromatin Protein 1 Isoforms on Mitotic Chromosome Distribution and Growth in Dictyostelium discoideum.
M. Kaller, U. Euteneuer, and W. Nellen (2006)
Eukaryot. Cell 5, 530-543
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of the silkworm argonaute2 homolog gene in double-strand break repair of extrachromosomal DNA.
H. Tsukioka, M. Takahashi, H. Mon, K. Okano, K. Mita, T. Shimada, J. M. Lee, Y. Kawaguchi, K. Koga, and T. Kusakabe (2006)
Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 1092-1101
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Telomere elongation is under the control of the RNAi-based mechanism in the Drosophila germline.
M. Savitsky, D. Kwon, P. Georgiev, A. Kalmykova, and V. Gvozdev (2006)
Genes & Dev. 20, 345-354
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary-conserved telomere-linked helicase genes of fission yeast are repressed by silencing factors, RNAi components and the telomere-binding protein Taz1.
K. R. Hansen, P. T. Ibarra, and G. Thon (2006)
Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 78-88
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Assembly of additional heterochromatin distinct from centromere-kinetochore chromatin is required for de novo formation of human artificial chromosome.
H. Nakashima, M. Nakano, R. Ohnishi, Y. Hiraoka, Y. Kaneda, A. Sugino, and H. Masumoto (2005)
J. Cell Sci. 118, 5885-5898
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intergenic Transcription Is Not Required in Th2 Cells to Maintain Histone Acetylation and Transcriptional Permissiveness at the Il4-Il13 Locus.
A. Baguet, X. Sun, T. Arroll, A. Krumm, and M. Bix (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 8146-8153
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Clr7 and Clr8 Directionality Factors and the Pcu4 Cullin Mediate Heterochromatin Formation in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
G. Thon, K. R. Hansen, S. P. Altes, D. Sidhu, G. Singh, J. Verhein-Hansen, M. J. Bonaduce, and A. J. S. Klar (2005)
Genetics 171, 1583-1595
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Silencing of retrotransposons in Dictyostelium by DNA methylation and RNAi.
M. Kuhlmann, B. E. Borisova, M. Kaller, P. Larsson, D. Stach, J. Na, L. Eichinger, F. Lyko, V. Ambros, F. Soderbom, et al. (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 6405-6417
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dicer-Dependent Turnover of Intergenic Transcripts from the Human {beta}-Globin Gene Cluster.
D. Haussecker and N. J. Proudfoot (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 9724-9733
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Double-Stranded RNA Induces Sequence-Specific Antiviral Silencing in Addition to Nonspecific Immunity in a Marine Shrimp: Convergence of RNA Interference and Innate Immunity in the Invertebrate Antiviral Response?.
J. Robalino, T. Bartlett, E. Shepard, S. Prior, G. Jaramillo, E. Scura, R. W. Chapman, P. S. Gross, C. L. Browdy, and G. W. Warr (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 13561-13571
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Arabidopsis HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 Homolog (TERMINAL FLOWER2) Silences Genes Within the Euchromatic Region but not Genes Positioned in Heterochromatin.
K. Nakahigashi, Z. Jasencakova, I. Schubert, and K. Goto (2005)
Plant Cell Physiol. 46, 1747-1756
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of Dicer-deficient murine embryonic stem cells.
E. P. Murchison, J. F. Partridge, O. H. Tam, S. Cheloufi, and G. J. Hannon (2005)
PNAS 102, 12135-12140
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Aberrant T cell differentiation in the absence of Dicer.
S. A. Muljo, K. M. Ansel, C. Kanellopoulou, D. M. Livingston, A. Rao, and K. Rajewsky (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 202, 261-269
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sum1p, the Origin Recognition Complex, and the Spreading of a Promoter-Specific Repressor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
P. J. Lynch, H. B. Fraser, E. Sevastopoulos, J. Rine, and L. N. Rusche (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 5920-5932
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNA meets chromatin.
E. Bernstein and C. D. Allis (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 1635-1655
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Drosophila argonaute-2 is required early in embryogenesis for the assembly of centric/centromeric heterochromatin, nuclear division, nuclear migration, and germ-cell formation.
G. Deshpande, G. Calhoun, and P. Schedl (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 1680-1685
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Rik1-associated, cullin-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for heterochromatin formation.
P. J. Horn, J.-N. Bastie, and C. L. Peterson (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 1705-1714
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A potential link between transgene silencing and poly(A) tails.
M. C. SIOMI, H. TSUKUMO, A. ISHIZUKA, T. NAGAMI, and H. SIOMI (2005)
RNA 11, 1004-1011
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In Vivo HP1 Targeting Causes Large-Scale Chromatin Condensation and Enhanced Histone Lysine Methylation.
P. J. Verschure, I. van der Kraan, W. de Leeuw, J. van der Vlag, A. E. Carpenter, A. S. Belmont, and R. van Driel (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 4552-4564
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Small Interfering RNAs That Trigger Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing Are Not Required for the Histone H3 Lys9 Methylation Necessary for Transgenic Tandem Repeat Stabilization in Neurospora crassa.
A. Chicas, E. C. Forrest, S. Sepich, C. Cogoni, and G. Macino (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 3793-3801
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Small regulatory RNAs in mammals.
J. S. Mattick and I. V. Makunin (2005)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 14, R121-R132
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Disclosing hidden transcripts: Mouse natural sense-antisense transcripts tend to be poly(A) negative and nuclear localized.
H. Kiyosawa, N. Mise, S. Iwase, Y. Hayashizaki, and K. Abe (2005)
Genome Res. 15, 463-474
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromatin and RNAi factors protect the C. elegans germline against repetitive sequences.
V. J.P. Robert, T. Sijen, J. van Wolfswinkel, and R. H.A. Plasterk (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 782-787
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNA Interference (RNAi)-Dependent and RNAi-Independent Association of the Chp1 Chromodomain Protein with Distinct Heterochromatic Loci in Fission Yeast.
V. J. Petrie, J. D. Wuitschick, C. D. Givens, A. M. Kosinski, and J. F. Partridge (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 2331-2346
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptional silencing of a transgene by RNAi in the soma of C. elegans.
A. Grishok, J. L. Sinskey, and P. A. Sharp (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 683-696
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Perspective: machines for RNAi.
Y. Tomari and P. D. Zamore (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 517-529
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Conserved Locus-Specific Silencing Functions of Schizosaccharomyces pombe sir2+.
L. L. Freeman-Cook, E. B. Gomez, E. J. Spedale, J. Marlett, S. L. Forsburg, L. Pillus, and P. Laurenson (2005)
Genetics 169, 1243-1260
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dicer-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells are defective in differentiation and centromeric silencing.
C. Kanellopoulou, S. A. Muljo, A. L. Kung, S. Ganesan, R. Drapkin, T. Jenuwein, D. M. Livingston, and K. Rajewsky (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 489-501
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Elimination of Foreign DNA during Somatic Differentiation in Tetrahymena thermophila Shows Position Effect and Is Dosage Dependent.
Y. Liu, X. Song, M. A. Gorovsky, and K. M. Karrer (2005)
Eukaryot. Cell 4, 421-431
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Global Effects on Gene Expression in Fission Yeast by Silencing and RNA Interference Machineries.
K. R. Hansen, G. Burns, J. Mata, T. A. Volpe, R. A. Martienssen, J. Bahler, and G. Thon (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 590-601
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RDE-2 interacts with MUT-7 to mediate RNA interference in Caenorhabditis elegans.
B. B. J. Tops, H. Tabara, T. Sijen, F. Simmer, C. C. Mello, R. H. A. Plasterk, and R. F. Ketting (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 347-355
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From The Cover: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is an essential component of a self-enforcing loop coupling heterochromatin assembly to siRNA production.
T. Sugiyama, H. Cam, A. Verdel, D. Moazed, and S. I. S. Grewal (2005)
PNAS 102, 152-157
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Dicer-like protein in Tetrahymena has distinct functions in genome rearrangement, chromosome segregation, and meiotic prophase.
K. Mochizuki and M. A. Gorovsky (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 77-89
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Communication Between Parental and Developing Genomes During Tetrahymena Nuclear Differentiation Is Likely Mediated by Homologous RNAs.
D. L. Chalker, P. Fuller, and M.-C. Yao (2005)
Genetics 169, 149-160
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selection and Characterization of RNA Interference-Deficient Trypanosomes Impaired in Target mRNA Degradation.
H. Shi, N. Chamond, C. Tschudi, and E. Ullu (2004)
Eukaryot. Cell 3, 1445-1453
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Semirandom Sampling to Detect Differentiation-Related and Age-Related Epigenome Remodeling.
V. R. Russanova, T. H. Hirai, and B. H. Howard (2004)
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 59, 1221-1233
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
siRNAs targeting an intronic transposon in the regulation of natural flowering behavior in Arabidopsis.
J. Liu, Y. He, R. Amasino, and X. Chen (2004)
Genes & Dev. 18, 2873-2878
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Promoter Targeting Sequence mediates epigenetically heritable transcription memory.
Q. Lin, Q. Chen, L. Lin, and J. Zhou (2004)
Genes & Dev. 18, 2639-2651
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selective Gene Expression in Multigene Families from Yeast to Mammals.
J. Z. Dalgaard and S. Vengrova (2004)
Sci. STKE 2004, re17
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Swi6/HP1-dependent Heterochromatin Assembly by Cooperation of Components of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway and a Histone Deacetylase Clr6.
H. S. Kim, E. S. Choi, J. A Shin, Y. K. Jang, and S. D. Park (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 42850-42859
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetics and cancer.
A. H. Lund and M. van Lohuizen (2004)
Genes & Dev. 18, 2315-2335
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A single Argonaute protein mediates both transcriptional and posttranscriptional silencing in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
A. Sigova, N. Rhind, and P. D. Zamore (2004)
Genes & Dev. 18, 2359-2367
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lsh, an epigenetic guardian of repetitive elements.
J. Huang, T. Fan, Q. Yan, H. Zhu, S. Fox, H. J. Issaq, L. Best, L. Gangi, D. Munroe, and K. Muegge (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 5019-5028
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
cis-Acting Determinants of Heterochromatin Formation on Drosophila melanogaster Chromosome Four.
F.-L. Sun, K. Haynes, C. L. Simpson, S. D. Lee, L. Collins, J. Wuller, J. C. Eissenberg, and S. C. R. Elgin (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 8210-8220
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Argonaute2 Is the Catalytic Engine of Mammalian RNAi.
J. Liu, M. A. Carmell, F. V. Rivas, C. G. Marsden, J. M. Thomson, J.-J. Song, S. M. Hammond, L. Joshua-Tor, and G. J. Hannon (2004)
Science 305, 1437-1441
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Length and Location on the Cellular Response to Double-Stranded RNA.
Q. Wang and G. G. Carmichael (2004)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68, 432-452
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNA-Mediated Programming of Developmental Genome Rearrangements in Paramecium tetraurelia.
O. Garnier, V. Serrano, S. Duharcourt, and E. Meyer (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 7370-7379
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetic aspects of differentiation.
K. L. Arney and A. G. Fisher (2004)
J. Cell Sci. 117, 4355-4363
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Large Imprinted microRNA Gene Cluster at the Mouse Dlk1-Gtl2 Domain.
H. Seitz, H. Royo, M.-L. Bortolin, S.-P. Lin, A. C. Ferguson-Smith, and J. Cavaille (2004)
Genome Res. 14, 1741-1748
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNAi-dependent and RNAi-independent mechanisms contribute to the silencing of RIPed sequences in Neurospora crassa.
A. Chicas, C. Cogoni, and G. Macino (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 4237-4243
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
"siRNAs and miRNAs": A meeting report on RNA silencing.
Z. HE and E. J. SONTHEIMER (2004)
RNA 10, 1165-1173
   Full Text »    PDF »
Dissection of a Natural RNA Silencing Process in the Drosophila melanogaster Germ Line.
A. A. Aravin, M. S. Klenov, V. V. Vagin, F. Bantignies, G. Cavalli, and V. A. Gvozdev (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 6742-6750
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lack of homologous sequence-specific DNA methylation in response to stable dsRNA expression in mouse oocytes.
P. Svoboda, P. Stein, W. Filipowicz, and R. M. Schultz (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 3601-3606
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNAi-Independent Heterochromatin Nucleation by the Stress-Activated ATF/CREB Family Proteins.