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Science 26 July 2002:
Vol. 297. no. 5581, pp. 593 - 596
DOI: 10.1126/science.1072631
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Reports

Band Gap Fluorescence from Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Michael J. O'Connell,1 Sergei M. Bachilo,1 Chad B. Huffman,1 Valerie C. Moore,1 Michael S. Strano,1 Erik H. Haroz,2 Kristy L. Rialon,1 Peter J. Boul,1 William H. Noon,3 Carter Kittrell,1 Jianpeng Ma,34 Robert H. Hauge,1 R. Bruce Weisman,1 Richard E. Smalley12*

Fluorescence has been observed directly across the band gap of semiconducting carbon nanotubes. We obtained individual nanotubes, each encased in a cylindrical micelle, by ultrasonically agitating an aqueous dispersion of raw single-walled carbon nanotubes in sodium dodecyl sulfate and then centrifuging to remove tube bundles, ropes, and residual catalyst. Aggregation of nanotubes into bundles otherwise quenches the fluorescence through interactions with metallic tubes and substantially broadens the absorption spectra. At pH less than 5, the absorption and emission spectra of individual nanotubes show evidence of band gap-selective protonation of the side walls of the tube. This protonation is readily reversed by treatment with base or ultraviolet light.

1 Department of Chemistry, Rice Quantum Institute, and Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology,
2 Department of Physics,
3 Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
4 Graduate Program of Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM-125, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: smalley{at}rice.edu

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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)