Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 8 February 2002:
Vol. 295. no. 5557, pp. 1070 - 1073
DOI: 10.1126/science.1067262
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Phototransduction by Retinal Ganglion Cells That Set the Circadian Clock

David M. Berson,* Felice A. Dunn,dagger Motoharu Takaodagger

Light synchronizes mammalian circadian rhythms with environmental time by modulating retinal input to the circadian pacemaker--the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Such photic entrainment requires neither rods nor cones, the only known retinal photoreceptors. Here, we show that retinal ganglion cells innervating the SCN are intrinsically photosensitive. Unlike other ganglion cells, they depolarized in response to light even when all synaptic input from rods and cones was blocked. The sensitivity, spectral tuning, and slow kinetics of this light response matched those of the photic entrainment mechanism, suggesting that these ganglion cells may be the primary photoreceptors for this system.

Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: David_Berson{at}brown.edu

dagger    These authors contributed equally to this work.

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Photosensitivity to different light intensities in blind and sighted rodents.
A. E. Zubidat, R. J. Nelson, and A. Haim (2009)
J. Exp. Biol. 212, 3857-3864
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The evolution of irradiance detection: melanopsin and the non-visual opsins.
S. N. Peirson, S. Halford, and R. G. Foster (2009)
Phil Trans R Soc B 364, 2849-2865
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Circadian Modulation of Melanopsin-Driven Light Response in Rat Ganglion-Cell Photoreceptors.
S. Weng, K. Y. Wong, and D. M. Berson (2009)
J Biol Rhythms 24, 391-402
   Abstract »    PDF »
Differential Expression of Two Distinct Functional Isoforms of Melanopsin (Opn4) in the Mammalian Retina.
S. S. Pires, S. Hughes, M. Turton, Z. Melyan, S. N. Peirson, L. Zheng, M. Kosmaoglou, J. Bellingham, M. E. Cheetham, R. J. Lucas, et al. (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 12332-12342
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Light-at-night, circadian disruption and breast cancer: assessment of existing evidence.
R. G Stevens (2009)
Int. J. Epidemiol. 38, 963-970
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ON Inputs to the OFF Layer: Bipolar Cells That Break the Stratification Rules of the Retina.
H. Hoshi, W.-L. Liu, S. C. Massey, and S. L. Mills (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 8875-8883
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Light-transduction in melanopsin-expressing photoreceptors of Amphioxus.
M. del Pilar Gomez, J. M. Angueyra, and E. Nasi (2009)
PNAS 106, 9081-9086
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rod Phototransduction Determines the Trade-Off of Temporal Integration and Speed of Vision in Dark-Adapted Toads.
C. Haldin, S. Nymark, A.-C. Aho, A. Koskelainen, and K. Donner (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 5716-5725
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Progression of Circadian Phase during Light Exposure in Animals and Humans.
D. G.M. Beersma, M. Comas, R. A. Hut, M. C.M. Gordijn, M. Rueger, and S. Daan (2009)
J Biol Rhythms 24, 153-160
   Abstract »    PDF »
A nonmammalian vertebrate model of blindness reveals functional photoreceptors in the inner retina.
D. J. Valdez, P. S. Nieto, E. Garbarino-Pico, L. B. Avalle, H. Diaz-Fajreldines, C. Schurrer, K. M. Cheng, and M. E. Guido (2009)
FASEB J 23, 1186-1195
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Physiology and Morphology of Color-Opponent Ganglion Cells in a Retina Expressing a Dual Gradient of S and M Opsins.
L. Yin, R. G. Smith, P. Sterling, and D. H. Brainard (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 2706-2724
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Age-Related Changes in Acute and Phase-Advancing Responses to Monochromatic Light.
T. L. Sletten, V. L. Revell, B. Middleton, K. A. Lederle, and D. J. Skene (2009)
J Biol Rhythms 24, 73-84
   Abstract »    PDF »
Functional and Morphological Differences among Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells.
T. M. Schmidt and P. Kofuji (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 476-482
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selectively Filtering Short Wavelengths Attenuates the Disruptive Effects of Nocturnal Light on Endocrine and Molecular Circadian Phase Markers in Rats.
S. A. Rahman, A. Kollara, T. J. Brown, and R. F. Casper (2008)
Endocrinology 149, 6125-6135
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Circadian photoreception: ageing and the eye's important role in systemic health.
P L Turner and M A Mainster (2008)
Br J Ophthalmol 92, 1439-1444
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Restoration of visual function in retinal degeneration mice by ectopic expression of melanopsin.
B. Lin, A. Koizumi, N. Tanaka, S. Panda, and R. H. Masland (2008)
PNAS 105, 16009-16014
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sensitivity of the Human Circadian System to Short-Wavelength (420-nm) Light.
G. C. Brainard, D. Sliney, J. P. Hanifin, G. Glickman, B. Byrne, J. M. Greeson, S. Jasser, E. Gerner, and M. D. Rollag (2008)
J Biol Rhythms 23, 379-386
   Abstract »    PDF »
Absence of Long-Wavelength Photic Potentiation of Murine Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Firing In Vitro.
K. Mawad and R. N. Van Gelder (2008)
J Biol Rhythms 23, 387-391
   Abstract »    PDF »
Expected and Unexpected Properties of Melanopsin Signaling.
H. M. Cooper and L. S. Mure (2008)
J Biol Rhythms 23, 392-393
   PDF »
Does Melanopsin Bistability Have Physiological Consequences?.
M. D. Rollag (2008)
J Biol Rhythms 23, 396-399
   PDF »
Intraretinal signaling by ganglion cell photoreceptors to dopaminergic amacrine neurons.
D.-Q. Zhang, K. Y. Wong, P. J. Sollars, D. M. Berson, G. E. Pickard, and D. G. McMahon (2008)
PNAS 105, 14181-14186
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Retinal pathways influence temporal niche.
S. E. Doyle, T. Yoshikawa, H. Hillson, and M. Menaker (2008)
PNAS 105, 13133-13138
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Retina-clock relations dictate nocturnal to diurnal behaviors.
D. S. McNeill, C. M. Altimus, and S. Hattar (2008)
PNAS 105, 12645-12646
   Full Text »    PDF »
Reprogramming Progeny Cells of Embryonic RPE to Produce Photoreceptors: Development of Advanced Photoreceptor Traits under the Induction of neuroD.
L. Liang, R.-T. Yan, X. Li, M. Chimento, and S.-Z. Wang (2008)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 4145-4153
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
How vision begins: An odyssey.
D.-G. Luo, T. Xue, and K.-W. Yau (2008)
PNAS 105, 9855-9862
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Abrupt Shift of the Pattern of Diurnal Variation in Stroke Onset With Daylight Saving Time Transitions.
C. Foerch, H.-W. Korf, H. Steinmetz, M. Sitzer, and for the Arbeitsgruppe Schlaganfall Hessen (ASH) (2008)
Circulation 118, 284-290
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Light Responses in Melanopsin-Expressing Ganglion Cells During Mouse Development.
T. M. Schmidt, K. Taniguchi, and P. Kofuji (2008)
J Neurophysiol 100, 371-384
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Photochemistry of retinal chromophore in mouse melanopsin.
M. T. Walker, R. L. Brown, T. W. Cronin, and P. R. Robinson (2008)
PNAS 105, 8861-8865
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dorsomedial SCN neuronal subpopulations subserve different functions in human dementia.
D. G. Harper, E. G. Stopa, V. Kuo-Leblanc, A. C. McKee, K. Asayama, L. Volicer, N. Kowall, and A. Satlin (2008)
Brain 131, 1609-1617
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Melanopsin Ganglion Cells Use a Membrane-Associated Rhabdomeric Phototransduction Cascade.
D. M. Graham, K. Y. Wong, P. Shapiro, C. Frederick, K. Pattabiraman, and D. M. Berson (2008)
J Neurophysiol 99, 2522-2532
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cholecystokinin-A receptors regulate photic input pathways to the circadian clock.
T. Shimazoe, M. Morita, S. Ogiwara, T. Kojiya, J. Goto, M. Kamakura, T. Moriya, K. Shinohara, S. Takiguchi, A. Kono, et al. (2008)
FASEB J 22, 1479-1490
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Photic Sensitivity Ranges of Hamster Pupillary and Circadian Phase Responses Do Not Overlap.
R. A. Hut, M. Oklejewicz, C. Rieux, and H. M. Cooper (2008)
J Biol Rhythms 23, 37-48
   Abstract »    PDF »
Light-Evoked Calcium Responses of Isolated Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion Cells.
A. T. E. Hartwick, J. R. Bramley, J. Yu, K. T. Stevens, C. N. Allen, W. H. Baldridge, P. J. Sollars, and G. E. Pickard (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 13468-13480
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Wavelength-Dependent Modulation of Brain Responses to a Working Memory Task by Daytime Light Exposure.
G. Vandewalle, S. Gais, M. Schabus, E. Balteau, J. Carrier, A. Darsaud, V. Sterpenich, G. Albouy, D. J. Dijk, and P. Maquet (2007)
Cereb Cortex 17, 2788-2795
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Isolation and characterization of melanopsin (Opn4) from the Australian marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata (fat-tailed dunnart).
S. S Pires, J. Shand, J. Bellingham, C. Arrese, M. Turton, S. Peirson, R. G Foster, and S. Halford (2007)
Proc R Soc B 274, 2791-2799
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Calcium Response to Retinohypothalamic Tract Synaptic Transmission in Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons.
R. P. Irwin and C. N. Allen (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 11748-11757
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Retina-Attached SCN Slice Preparation: An In Vitro Mammalian Circadian Visual System.
K. Y. Wong, D. M. Graham, and D. M. Berson (2007)
J Biol Rhythms 22, 400-410
   Abstract »    PDF »
Melanopsin-Dependent Nonvisual Responses: Evidence for Photopigment Bistability In Vivo.
L. S. Mure, C. Rieux, S. Hattar, and H. M. Cooper (2007)
J Biol Rhythms 22, 411-424
   Abstract »    PDF »
Responses of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons to Light and Dark Adaptation: Relative Contributions of Melanopsin and Rod Cone Inputs.
E. Drouyer, C. Rieux, R. A. Hut, and H. M. Cooper (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 9623-9631
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multifactorial Regulation of Daily Rhythms in Expression of the Metabolically Responsive Gene Spot14 in the Mouse Liver.
A. Ishihara, E. Matsumoto, K. Horikawa, T. Kudo, E. Sakao, A. Nemoto, K. Iwase, H. Sugiyama, Y. Tamura, S. Shibata, et al. (2007)
J Biol Rhythms 22, 324-334
   Abstract »    PDF »
Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 1 Is Required for Photoreceptor Synaptic Signaling But Not For Intrinsic Visual Functions.
J. Johnson, R. T. Fremeau Jr, J. L. Duncan, R. C. Renteria, H. Yang, Z. Hua, X. Liu, M. M. LaVail, R. H. Edwards, and D. R. Copenhagen (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 7245-7255
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synaptic influences on rat ganglion-cell photoreceptors.
K. Y. Wong, F. A. Dunn, D. M. Graham, and D. M. Berson (2007)
J. Physiol. 582, 279-296
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Influence of eye colors of Caucasians and Asians on suppression of melatonin secretion by light.
S. Higuchi, Y. Motohashi, K. Ishibashi, and T. Maeda (2007)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 292, R2352-R2356
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
2-Aminoethoxydiphenylborane Is an Acute Inhibitor of Directly Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Activity In Vitro and In Vivo.
S. Sekaran, G. S. Lall, K. L. Ralphs, A. J. Wolstenholme, R. J. Lucas, R. G. Foster, and M. W. Hankins (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 3981-3986
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Absence of Normal Photic Integration in the Circadian Visual System: Response to Millisecond Light Flashes.
L. Vidal and L. P. Morin (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 3375-3382
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Melanopsin-Dependent Persistence and Photopotentiation of Murine Pupillary Light Responses.
Y. Zhu, D. C. Tu, D. Denner, T. Shane, C. M. Fitzgerald, and R. N. Van Gelder (2007)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48, 1268-1275
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Circadian Photoreception in Vertebrates.
S. Doyle and M. Menaker (2007)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 72, 499-508
   Abstract »    PDF »
Multiple Photoreceptors Contribute to Nonimage-forming Visual Functions Predominantly through Melanopsin-containing Retinal Ganglion Cells.
A.D. Guler, C.M. Altimus, J.L. Ecker, and S. Hattar (2007)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 72, 509-515
   Abstract »    PDF »
Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Humans.
C. A. Czeisler and J. J. Gooley (2007)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 72, 579-597
   Abstract »    PDF »
An invertebrate-like phototransduction cascade mediates light detection in the chicken retinal ganglion cells.
M. A. Contin, D. M. Verra, and M. E. Guido (2006)
FASEB J 20, 2648-2650
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intrinsic ON Responses of the Retinal OFF Pathway Are Suppressed by the ON Pathway..
R. C. Renteria, N. Tian, J. Cang, S. Nakanishi, M. P. Stryker, and D. R. Copenhagen (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 11857-11869
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dim Light Adaptation Attenuates Acute Melatonin Suppression in Humans.
S. A. Jasser, J. P. Hanifin, M. D. Rollag, and G. C. Brainard (2006)
J Biol Rhythms 21, 394-404
   Abstract »    PDF »
Casting a genetic light on the evolution of eyes..
R. D. Fernald (2006)
Science 313, 1914-1918
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Inner retinal photoreception independent of the visual retinoid cycle.
D. C. Tu, L. A. Owens, L. Anderson, M. Golczak, S. E. Doyle, M. McCall, M. Menaker, K. Palczewski, and R. N. Van Gelder (2006)
PNAS 103, 10426-10431
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Nonvisual light responses in the Rpe65 knockout mouse: Rod loss restores sensitivity to the melanopsin system.
S. E. Doyle, A. M. Castrucci, M. McCall, I. Provencio, and M. Menaker (2006)
PNAS 103, 10432-10437
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromophore regeneration: Melanopsin does its own thing.
R. J. Lucas (2006)
PNAS 103, 10153-10154
   Full Text »    PDF »
Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells are more injury-resistant in a chronic ocular hypertension model..
R. S. Li, B.-Y. Chen, D. K. Tay, H. H. L. Chan, M.-L. Pu, and K.-F. So (2006)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 2951-2958
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Presynaptic GABAB Receptors Regulate Retinohypothalamic Tract Synaptic Transmission by Inhibiting Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels.
M. G. Moldavan, R. P. Irwin, and C. N. Allen (2006)
J Neurophysiol 95, 3727-3741
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Wavelength-dependent effects of evening light exposure on sleep architecture and sleep EEG power density in men.
M. Munch, S. Kobialka, R. Steiner, P. Oelhafen, A. Wirz-Justice, and C. Cajochen (2006)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 290, R1421-R1428
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immunohistochemical evidence of a melanopsin cone in human retina..
O. Dkhissi-Benyahya, C. Rieux, R. A. Hut, and H. M. Cooper (2006)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 1636-1641
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
History-Dependent Changes in Entrainment of the Activity Rhythm in the Syrian Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).
J. J. Chiesa, M. Angles-Pujolras, A. Diez-Noguera, and T. Cambras (2006)
J Biol Rhythms 21, 45-57
   Abstract »    PDF »
Binocular Contributions to the Responsiveness and Integrative Capacity of the Circadian Rhythm System to Light.
L. Muscat and L. P. Morin (2005)
J Biol Rhythms 20, 513-525
   Abstract »    PDF »
Retinal ganglion cell degeneration is topological but not cell type specific in DBA/2J mice.
T. C. Jakobs, R. T. Libby, Y. Ben, S. W.M. John, and R. H. Masland (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 171, 313-325
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
TRP channels in Drosophila photoreceptor cells.
C. Montell (2005)
J. Physiol. 567, 45-51
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Photons, Clocks, and Consciousness.
G. C. Brainard and J. P. Hanifin (2005)
J Biol Rhythms 20, 314-325
   Abstract »    PDF »
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells detect light with a vitamin A-based photopigment, melanopsin.
Y. Fu, H. Zhong, M.-H. H. Wang, D.-G. Luo, H.-W. Liao, H. Maeda, S. Hattar, L. J. Frishman, and K.-W. Yau (2005)
PNAS 102, 10339-10344
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Loss of Circadian Photoentrainment and Abnormal Retinal Electrophysiology in Math5 Mutant Mice.
J. A. Brzezinski IV, N. L. Brown, A. Tanikawa, R. A. Bush, P. A. Sieving, M. H. Vitaterna, J. S. Takahashi, and T. Glaser (2005)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46, 2540-2551
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart.
E. F. Schubert and J. K. Kim (2005)
Science 308, 1274-1278
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rhodopsin Formation in Drosophila Is Dependent on the PINTA Retinoid-Binding Protein.
T. Wang and C. Montell (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 5187-5194
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
High Sensitivity of Human Melatonin, Alertness, Thermoregulation, and Heart Rate to Short Wavelength Light.
C. Cajochen, M. Munch, S. Kobialka, K. Krauchi, R. Steiner, P. Oelhafen, S. Orgul, and A. Wirz-Justice (2005)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 1311-1316
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Binocular Interactions in the Entrainment and Phase Shifting of Locomotor Activity Rhythms in Syrian Hamsters.
J. H. Park, M. J. Paul, M. P. Butler, and I. Zucker (2005)
J Biol Rhythms 20, 49-59
   Abstract »    PDF »
Nasal versus Temporal Illumination of the Human Retina: Effects on Core Body Temperature, Melatonin, and Circadian Phase.
M. Ruger, M. C. M. Gordijn, D. G. M. Beersma, B. de Vries, and S. Daan (2005)
J Biol Rhythms 20, 60-70
   Abstract »    PDF »
Circadian rhythms of behavioral cone sensitivity and long wavelength opsin mRNA expression: a correlation study in zebrafish.
P. Li, S. Temple, Y. Gao, T. J. Haimberger, C. W. Hawryshyn, and L. Li (2005)
J. Exp. Biol. 208, 497-504
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Illumination of the Melanopsin Signaling Pathway.
S. Panda, S. K. Nayak, B. Campo, J. R. Walker, J. B. Hogenesch, and T. Jegla (2005)
Science 307, 600-604
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rhabdomeric phototransduction initiated by the vertebrate photopigment melanopsin.
M. C. Isoldi, M. D. Rollag, A. M. d. L. Castrucci, and I. Provencio (2005)
PNAS 102, 1217-1221
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Retinal Ganglion Cells Are Autonomous Circadian Oscillators Synthesizing N-Acetylserotonin during the Day.
E. Garbarino-Pico, A. R. Carpentieri, M. A. Contin, M. I. K. Sarmiento, M. A. Brocco, P. Panzetta, R. E. Rosenstein, B. L. Caputto, and M. E. Guido (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 51172-51181
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of Vitamin A Depletion on Nonvisual Phototransduction Pathways in Cryptochromeless Mice.
C. L. Thompson, C. P. Selby, R. N. Van Gelder, W. S. Blaner, J. Lee, L. Quadro, K. Lai, M. E. Gottesman, and A. Sancar (2004)
J Biol Rhythms 19, 504-517
   Abstract »    PDF »
Lighting for work: a review of visual and biological effects.
W. van Bommel and G. van den Beld (2004)
Lighting Research and Technology 36, 255-266
   Abstract »    PDF »
Melatonin advances the circadian timing of EEG sleep and directly facilitates sleep without altering its duration in extended sleep opportunities in humans.
S. M. W Rajaratnam, B. Middleton, B. M Stone, J. Arendt, and D.-J. Dijk (2004)
J. Physiol. 561, 339-351
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Melanopsin Is Expressed in PACAP-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cells of the Human Retinohypothalamic Tract.
J. Hannibal, P. Hindersson, J. Ostergaard, B. Georg, S. Heegaard, P. J. Larsen, and J. Fahrenkrug (2004)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 4202-4209
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PACAP enlightenment of mouse circadian clock.
F. Levi (2004)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 287, R1033-R1034
   Full Text »    PDF »
Selective deficits in the circadian light response in mice lacking PACAP.
C. S. Colwell, S. Michel, J. Itri, W. Rodriguez, J. Tam, V. Lelievre, Z. Hu, and J. A. Waschek (2004)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 287, R1194-R1201
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Classical Photoreceptors Regulate Melanopsin mRNA Levels in the Rat Retina.
K. Sakamoto, C. Liu, and G. Tosini (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 9693-9697
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PHR1, a PH Domain-Containing Protein Expressed in Primary Sensory Neurons.
S. Xu, Y. Wang, H. Zhao, L. Zhang, W. Xiong, K.-W. Yau, H. Hiel, E. Glowatzki, D. K. Ryugo, and D. Valle (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 9137-9151
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nonvisual Photoreception in the Chick Iris.
D. C. Tu, M. L. Batten, K. Palczewski, and R. N. Van Gelder (2004)
Science 306, 129-131
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Blue light and the circadian clock.
R N Van Gelder and M A Mainster (2004)
Br J Ophthalmol 88, 1353
   Full Text »    PDF »
How to make an eye.
J. E. Treisman (2004)
Development 131, 3823-3827
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of the Mammalian Circadian Clock by Cryptochrome.
A. Sancar (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 34079-34082
   Full Text »    PDF »
Calcium Dynamics and Circadian Rhythms in Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons.
M. Ikeda (2004)
Neuroscientist 10, 315-324
   Abstract »    PDF »
Adaptation of Human Pineal Melatonin Suppression by Recent Photic History.
K. A. Smith, M. W. Schoen, and C. A. Czeisler (2004)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 3610-3614
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Efficacy of a single sequence of intermittent bright light pulses for delaying circadian phase in humans.
C. Gronfier, K. P. Wright Jr., R. E. Kronauer, M. E. Jewett, and C. A. Czeisler (2004)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287, E174-E181
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
High Potassium Treatment Resets the Circadian Oscillator in Xenopus Retinal Photoreceptors.
M. Hasegawa and G. M. Cahill (2004)
J Biol Rhythms 19, 208-215
   Abstract »    PDF »
Circadian lessons from peripheral clocks: Is the time of the mammalian pacemaker up?.
R. Brandstaetter (2004)
PNAS 101, 5699-5700
   Full Text »    PDF »
Impairment of the Transient Pupillary Light Reflex in Rpe65-/- Mice and Humans with Leber Congenital Amaurosis.
T. S. Aleman, S. G. Jacobson, J. D. Chico, M. L. Scott, A. Y. Cheung, E. A. M. Windsor, M. Furushima, T. M. Redmond, J. Bennett, K. Palczewski, et al. (2004)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 1259-1271
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Grafts Restore the Circadian Rhythm in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus.
E. Tousson and H. Meissl (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 2983-2988
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Temporal Regulation of Light-Induced Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Activation in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.
G. Q. Butcher, B. Lee, and K. Obrietan (2003)
J Neurophysiol 90, 3854-3863
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)