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Science 26 October 2001:
Vol. 294. no. 5543, pp. 793 - 795
DOI: 10.1126/science.1066860

Perspectives

PHENOLOGY:
Responses to a Warming World

Josep Peñuelas and Iolanda Filella

Animal and plant life cycles are increasingly shown to depend on temperature trends and patterns. In their Perspective, Peñuelas and Filella review the evidence that global warming during the 20th century has affected the growth period of plants and the development and behavior of animals from insects to birds. The authors warn that changes in the interdependence between species could have unpredictable consequences for ecosystems, that the lengthening of the plant growing season contributes to the global increased carbon fixation, and that changes in phenology may affect not only ecosystems but also agriculture and sanitation.


The authors are in the Unitat Ecofisiologia CSIC-CREAF, Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain. E-mail: josep.penuelas@uab.es, i.filella@creaf.uab.es

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THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Precipitation-dependent Flowering of Globularia alypum and Erica multiflora in Mediterranean Shrubland Under Experimental Drought and Warming, and its Inter-annual Variability.
P. Prieto, J. Penuelas, R. Ogaya, and M. Estiarte (2008)
Ann. Bot. 102, 275-285
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Species-specific drought effects on flower and fruit production in a Mediterranean holm oak forest.
R. Ogaya and J. Penuelas (2007)
Forestry 80, 351-357
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Divergence of reproductive phenology under climate warming.
R. A. Sherry, X. Zhou, S. Gu, J. A. Arnone III, D. S. Schimel, P. S. Verburg, L. L. Wallace, and Y. Luo (2007)
PNAS 104, 198-202
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A GROWING DEGREE-DAYS BASED TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTION OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM TRANSMISSION IN JIANGSU PROVINCE, CHINA..
G.-J. YANG, A. GEMPERLI, P. VOUNATSOU, M. TANNER, X.-N. ZHOU, and J. UTZINGER (2006)
Am J Trop Med Hyg 75, 549-555
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Contrasting Growth Changes in Two Dominant Species of a Mediterranean Shrubland Submitted to Experimental Drought and Warming.
L. LLORENS, J. PENUELAS, M. ESTIARTE, and P. BRUNA (2004)
Ann. Bot. 94, 843-853
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Herbarium specimens demonstrate earlier flowering times in response to warming in Boston.
D. Primack, C. Imbres, R. B. Primack, A. J. Miller-Rushing, and P. Del Tredici (2004)
Am. J. Botany 91, 1260-1264
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Variation in temperature increases the cost of living in birds.
C. J. Pendlebury, M. G. MacLeod, and D. M. Bryant (2004)
J. Exp. Biol. 207, 2065-2070
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Avian migration phenology and global climate change.
P. A. Cotton (2003)
PNAS 100, 12219-12222
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Changes in the High-mountain Vegetation of the Central Iberian Peninsula as a Probable Sign of Global Warming.
M. SANZ-ELORZA, E. D. DANA, A. GONZALEZ, and E. SOBRINO (2003)
Ann. Bot. 92, 273-280
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Response of an allergenic species, Ambrosia psilostachya (Asteraceae), to experimental warming and clipping: implications for public health.
S. Wan, T. Yuan, S. Bowdish, L. Wallace, S. D. Russell, and Y. Luo (2002)
Am. J. Botany 89, 1843-1846
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Rapid Changes in Flowering Time in British Plants.
A. H. Fitter and R. S. R. Fitter (2002)
Science 296, 1689-1691
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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)