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Science 9 June 2000:
Vol. 288. no. 5472, pp. 1789 - 1796
DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5472.1789
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Research Articles

Timing the Ancestor of the HIV-1 Pandemic Strains

B. Korber, 12*dagger M. Muldoon, 23 J. Theiler, 1 F. Gao, 4 R. Gupta, 1 A. Lapedes, 12 B. H. Hahn, 4 S. Wolinsky, 5 T. Bhattacharya 1dagger

HIV-1 sequences were analyzed to estimate the timing of the ancestral sequence of the main group of HIV-1, the strains responsible for the AIDS pandemic. Using parallel supercomputers and assuming a constant rate of evolution, we applied maximum-likelihood phylogenetic methods to unprecedented amounts of data for this calculation. We validated our approach by correctly estimating the timing of two historically documented points. Using a comprehensive full-length envelope sequence alignment, we estimated the date of the last common ancestor of the main group of HIV-1 to be 1931 (1915-41). Analysis of a gag gene alignment, subregions of envelope including additional sequences, and a method that relaxed the assumption of a strict molecular clock also supported these results.

1 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
2 Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.
3 Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester Institute of Technology, Manchester M60 1QD, UK.
4 Department of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
5 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed.

dagger    These authors contributed equally to this work.

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AIDS -- Past and Future.
M. S. Gottlieb (2001)
N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 1788-1791
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2000 Fleming Lecture. The origin and evolution of hepatitis viruses in humans.
P. Simmonds (2001)
J. Gen. Virol. 82, 693-712
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Unprecedented Degree of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Group M Genetic Diversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo Suggests that the HIV-1 Pandemic Originated in Central Africa.
N. Vidal, M. Peeters, C. Mulanga-Kabeya, N. Nzilambi, D. Robertson, W. Ilunga, H. Sema, K. Tshimanga, B. Bongo, and E. Delaporte (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 10498-10507
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HIV: Much at Stake with Kidneys?.
J. P. MOORE and R. W. DOMS (2000)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11, 2138-2140
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Patterns of Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 V3 Sequence Populations Late in Infection.
J. A. E. Nelson, F. Baribaud, T. Edwards, and R. Swanstrom (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 8494-8501
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Supercomputer Yields New Insights into Origin of HIV.
(2000)
Journal Watch Infectious Diseases 2000, 1
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