Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 1 May 1998:
Vol. 280. no. 5364, pp. 734 - 737
DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5364.734
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Proteolytic Inactivation of MAP-Kinase-Kinase by Anthrax Lethal Factor

Nicholas S. Duesbery, Craig P. Webb, Stephen H. Leppla, Valery M. Gordon, Kurt R. Klimpel, * Terry D. Copeland, Natalie G. Ahn, Marianne K. Oskarsson, Kenji Fukasawa, Ken D. Paull, George F. Vande Woude dagger

Anthrax lethal toxin, produced by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is the major cause of death in animals infected with anthrax. One component of this toxin, lethal factor (LF), is suspected to be a metalloprotease, but no physiological substrates have been identified. Here it is shown that LF is a protease that cleaves the amino terminus of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 1 and 2 (MAPKK1 and MAPKK2) and that this cleavage inactivates MAPKK1 and inhibits the MAPK signal transduction pathway. The identification of a cleavage site for LF may facilitate the development of LF inhibitors.

N. S. Duesbery, C. P. Webb, T. D. Copeland, M. K. Oskarsson, G. F. Vande Woude, Advanced BioScience Laboratories-Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Post Office Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
S. H. Leppla, V. M. Gordon, K. R. Klimpel, National Institute of Dental Research-National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
N. G. Ahn, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
K. Fukasawa, Department of Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 670521, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
K. D. Paull, Division of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
*   Present address: Biopraxis, Post Office Box 9100-78, San Diego, CA 92191, USA.

dagger    To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
A Heterologous Helper T-Cell Epitope Enhances the Immunogenicity of a Multiple-Antigenic-Peptide Vaccine Targeting the Cryptic Loop-Neutralizing Determinant of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen.
J. Oscherwitz, F. Yu, and K. B. Cease (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 5509-5518
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Directed against Defined Linear Epitopes on Domain 4 of Anthrax Protective Antigen.
C. D. Kelly-Cirino and N. J. Mantis (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 4859-4867
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Resistance of Human Alveolar Macrophages to Bacillus anthracis Lethal Toxin.
W. Wu, H. Mehta, K. Chakrabarty, J. L. Booth, E. S. Duggan, K. B. Patel, J. D. Ballard, K. M. Coggeshall, and J. P. Metcalf (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 5799-5806
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nod1/Nod2-Mediated Recognition Plays a Critical Role in Induction of Adaptive Immunity to Anthrax after Aerosol Exposure.
C. L. Loving, M. Osorio, Y.-G. Kim, G. Nunez, M. A. Hughes, and T. J. Merkel (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 4529-4537
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CA-074Me Protection against Anthrax Lethal Toxin.
Z. L. Newman, S. H. Leppla, and M. Moayeri (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 4327-4336
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of Nlrp1b Inflammasome Components in Human Fibroblasts Confers Susceptibility to Anthrax Lethal Toxin.
K.-C. Liao and J. Mogridge (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 4455-4462
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of the Fc Gamma Receptor-Dependent Component of Neutralization Measured by Anthrax Toxin Neutralization Assays.
A. Verma, M. M. Ngundi, B. D. Meade, R. De Pascalis, K. L. Elkins, and D. L. Burns (2009)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 16, 1405-1412
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax Lethal Toxin Enhances I{kappa}B Kinase Activation and Differentially Regulates Pro-inflammatory Genes in Human Endothelium.
J. M. Warfel and F. D'Agnillo (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 25761-25771
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Crystal Structure of Bacillus anthracis Transpeptidase Enzyme CapD.
R. Wu, S. Richter, R.-g. Zhang, V. J. Anderson, D. Missiakas, and A. Joachimiak (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 24406-24414
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel Chimpanzee/Human Monoclonal Antibodies That Neutralize Anthrax Lethal Factor, and Evidence for Possible Synergy with Anti-Protective Antigen Antibody.
Z. Chen, M. Moayeri, D. Crown, S. Emerson, I. Gorshkova, P. Schuck, S. H. Leppla, and R. H. Purcell (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 3902-3908
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Injection of Staphylococcus aureus EDIN by the Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Machinery Induces Vascular Permeability.
M. Rolando, P. Munro, C. Stefani, P. Auberger, G. Flatau, and E. Lemichez (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 3596-3601
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human {alpha}-Defensins Inhibit Hemolysis Mediated by Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins.
R. I. Lehrer, G. Jung, P. Ruchala, W. Wang, E. D. Micewicz, A. J. Waring, E. J. Gillespie, K. A. Bradley, A. J. Ratner, R. F. Rest, et al. (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 4028-4040
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Potent neutralization of anthrax edema toxin by a humanized monoclonal antibody that competes with calmodulin for edema factor binding.
Z. Chen, M. Moayeri, H. Zhao, D. Crown, S. H. Leppla, and R. H. Purcell (2009)
PNAS 106, 13487-13492
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Targeting a Cryptic Neutralizing Epitope in Domain 2 of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen.
J. Oscherwitz, F. Yu, J. L. Jacobs, T.-H. Liu, P. R. Johnson, and K. B. Cease (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 3380-3388
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Capillary morphogenesis protein-2 is the major receptor mediating lethality of anthrax toxin in vivo.
S. Liu, D. Crown, S. Miller-Randolph, M. Moayeri, H. Wang, H. Hu, T. Morley, and S. H. Leppla (2009)
PNAS 106, 12424-12429
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Substrate Recognition of Anthrax Lethal Factor Examined by Combinatorial and Pre-steady-state Kinetic Approaches.
M. Yu. Zakharova, N. A. Kuznetsov, S. A. Dubiley, A. V. Kozyr, O. S. Fedorova, D. M. Chudakov, D. G. Knorre, I. G. Shemyakin, A. G. Gabibov, and A. V. Kolesnikov (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 17902-17913
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bacillus anthracis Edema Toxin Impairs Neutrophil Actin-Based Motility.
S. E. Szarowicz, R. L. During, W. Li, C. P. Quinn, W.-J. Tang, and F. S. Southwick (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 2455-2464
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cellular Functions and X-ray Structure of Anthrolysin O, a Cholesterol-dependent Cytolysin Secreted by Bacillus anthracis.
R. W. Bourdeau, E. Malito, A. Chenal, B. L. Bishop, M. W. Musch, M. L. Villereal, E. B. Chang, E. M. Mosser, R. F. Rest, and W.-J. Tang (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 14645-14656
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reduced Expression of CD45 Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase Provides Protection against Anthrax Pathogenesis.
R. G. Panchal, R. L. Ulrich, S. B. Bradfute, D. Lane, G. Ruthel, T. A. Kenny, P. L. Iversen, A. O. Anderson, R. Gussio, W. C. Raschke, et al. (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 12874-12885
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax Edema Toxin Induces Maturation of Dendritic Cells and Enhances Chemotaxis towards Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 3{beta}.
F. J. Maldonado-Arocho and K. A. Bradley (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 2036-2042
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Killed but Metabolically Active Bacillus anthracis Vaccines Induce Broad and Protective Immunity against Anthrax.
J. Skoble, J. W. Beaber, Y. Gao, J. A. Lovchik, L. E. Sower, W. Liu, W. Luckett, J. W. Peterson, R. Calendar, D. A. Portnoy, et al. (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 1649-1663
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Matrix Metalloproteinase-Activated Anthrax Lethal Toxin Inhibits Endothelial Invasion and Neovasculature Formation during In vitro Morphogenesis.
R. W. Alfano, S. H. Leppla, S. Liu, T. H. Bugge, C. J. Meininger, T. C. Lairmore, A. F. Mulne, S. H. Davis, N. S. Duesbery, and A. E. Frankel (2009)
Mol. Cancer Res. 7, 452-461
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Association of Bacillus anthracis Capsule with Lethal Toxin during Experimental Infection.
J. W. Ezzell, T. G. Abshire, R. Panchal, D. Chabot, S. Bavari, E. K. Leffel, B. Purcell, A. M. Friedlander, and W. J. Ribot (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 749-755
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inactivation of Rho GTPases by Statins Attenuates Anthrax Lethal Toxin Activity.
A. M. deCathelineau and G. M. Bokoch (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 348-359
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Anthrax Toxins in Dissemination, Disease Progression, and Induction of Protective Adaptive Immunity in the Mouse Aerosol Challenge Model.
C. L. Loving, T. Khurana, M. Osorio, G. M. Lee, V. K. Kelly, S. Stibitz, and T. J. Merkel (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 255-265
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sequential B-Cell Epitopes of Bacillus anthracis Lethal Factor Bind Lethal Toxin-Neutralizing Antibodies.
M. L. Nguyen, S. R. Crowe, S. Kurella, S. Teryzan, B. Cao, J. D. Ballard, J. A. James, and A. D. Farris (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 162-169
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
10-Formyltetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase-Induced c-Jun-NH2-Kinase Pathways Diverge at the c-Jun-NH2-Kinase Substrate Level in Cells with Different p53 Status.
S. Ghose, N. V. Oleinik, N. I. Krupenko, and S. A. Krupenko (2009)
Mol. Cancer Res. 7, 99-107
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of a Surrogate Marker for Infection in the African Green Monkey Model of Inhalation Anthrax.
C. A. Rossi, M. Ulrich, S. Norris, D. S. Reed, L. M. Pitt, and E. K. Leffel (2008)
Infect. Immun. 76, 5790-5801
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of the N-Terminal Amino Acid of Bacillus anthracis Lethal Factor in Lethal Toxin Cytotoxicity and Its Effect on the Lethal Toxin Neutralization Assay.
A. Verma, L. Wagner, S. Stibitz, N. Nguyen, F. Guerengomba, and D. L. Burns (2008)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15, 1737-1741
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toxicity of Anthrax Toxin Is Influenced by Receptor Expression.
S. C. Taft and A. A. Weiss (2008)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15, 1330-1336
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax Lethal Toxin Enhances TNF-Induced Endothelial VCAM-1 Expression via an IFN Regulatory Factor-1-Dependent Mechanism.
J. M. Warfel and F. D'Agnillo (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 7516-7524
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Isoform-specific Interaction of C-RAF with Mitochondria.
A. Galmiche, J. Fueller, A. Santel, G. Krohne, I. Wittig, A. Doye, M. Rolando, G. Flatau, E. Lemichez, and U. R. Rapp (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 14857-14866
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phenylalanine-427 of anthrax protective antigen functions in both pore formation and protein translocation.
J. Sun, A. E. Lang, K. Aktories, and R. J. Collier (2008)
PNAS 105, 4346-4351
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax Lethal Toxin Increases Superoxide Production in Murine Neutrophils via Differential Effects on MAPK Signaling Pathways.
L. Xu, H. Fang, and D. M. Frucht (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 4139-4147
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Treatment of Experimental Anthrax with Recombinant Capsule Depolymerase.
A. Scorpio, S. A. Tobery, W. J. Ribot, and A. M. Friedlander (2008)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52, 1014-1020
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax lethal toxin induces cell death-independent permeability in zebrafish vasculature.
R. E. Bolcome III, S. E. Sullivan, R. Zeller, A. P. Barker, R. J. Collier, and J. Chan (2008)
PNAS 105, 2439-2444
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Germline mutations of MEK in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome are sensitive to MEK and RAF inhibition: implications for therapeutic options.
T. Senawong, J. Phuchareon, O. Ohara, F. McCormick, K. A. Rauen, and O. Tetsu (2008)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 17, 419-430
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Matrix Metalloproteinase-activated Anthrax Lethal Toxin Demonstrates High Potency in Targeting Tumor Vasculature.
S. Liu, H. Wang, B. M. Currie, A. Molinolo, H. J. Leung, M. Moayeri, J. R. Basile, R. W. Alfano, J. S. Gutkind, A. E. Frankel, et al. (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 529-540
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibition of MAPK Kinase Signaling Pathways Suppressed Renal Cell Carcinoma Growth and Angiogenesis In vivo.
D. Huang, Y. Ding, W.-M. Luo, S. Bender, C.-N. Qian, E. Kort, Z.-F. Zhang, K. VandenBeldt, N. S. Duesbery, J. H. Resau, et al. (2008)
Cancer Res. 68, 81-88
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neutralizing Activity of Vaccine-Induced Antibodies to Two Bacillus anthracis Toxin Components, Lethal Factor and Edema Factor.
S. C. Taft and A. A. Weiss (2008)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15, 71-75
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
C/EBP phosphorylation rescues macrophage dysfunction and apoptosis induced by anthrax lethal toxin.
M. Buck and M. Chojkier (2007)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 293, C1788-C1796
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteasomes Control Caspase-1 Activation in Anthrax Lethal Toxin-mediated Cell Killing.
R. C. Squires, S. M. Muehlbauer, and J. Brojatsch (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 34260-34267
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax Protective Antigen Cleavage and Clearance from the Blood of Mice and Rats.
M. Moayeri, J. F. Wiggins, and S. H. Leppla (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 5175-5184
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cross-Linked Forms of the Isolated N-Terminal Domain of the Lethal Factor Are Potent Inhibitors of Anthrax Toxin.
S. J. Juris, R. A. Melnyk, R. E. Bolcome III, J. Chan, and R. J. Collier (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 5052-5058
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax Lethal Toxin Inhibits Growth of and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Release from Endothelial Cells Expressing the Human Herpes Virus 8 Viral G Protein Coupled Receptor.
P. Depeille, J. J. Young, E. A. Boguslawski, B. D. Berghuis, E. J. Kort, J. H. Resau, A. E. Frankel, and N. S. Duesbery (2007)
Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 5926-5934
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitochondrial Proteins Bnip3 and Bnip3L Are Involved in Anthrax Lethal Toxin-induced Macrophage Cell Death.
S.-D. Ha, D. Ng, J. Lamothe, M. A. Valvano, J. Han, and S. O. Kim (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 26275-26283
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax Edema Toxin Inhibits Endothelial Cell Chemotaxis via Epac and Rap1.
J. Hong, R. C. Doebele, M. W. Lingen, L. A. Quilliam, W.-J. Tang, and M. R. Rosner (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 19781-19787
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Amiodarone and Bepridil Inhibit Anthrax Toxin Entry into Host Cells.
A. M. Sanchez, D. Thomas, E. J. Gillespie, R. Damoiseaux, J. Rogers, J. P. Saxe, J. Huang, M. Manchester, and K. A. Bradley (2007)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51, 2403-2411
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Bacillus anthracis Spore Structures in Macrophage Cytokine Responses.
S. Basu, T. J. Kang, W. H. Chen, M. J. Fenton, L. Baillie, S. Hibbs, and A. S. Cross (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 2351-2358
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax Edema Toxin Sensitizes DBA/2J Mice to Lethal Toxin.
A. M. Firoved, M. Moayeri, J. F. Wiggins, Y. Shen, W.-J. Tang, and S. H. Leppla (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 2120-2125
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Systematic Urokinase-Activated Anthrax Toxin Therapy Produces Regressions of Subcutaneous Human Non-Small Cell Lung Tumor in Athymic Nude Mice.
Y. Su, J. Ortiz, S. Liu, T. H. Bugge, R. Singh, S. H. Leppla, and A. E. Frankel (2007)
Cancer Res. 67, 3329-3336
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Murine Innate Immune Response to Virulent Toxigenic and Nontoxigenic Bacillus anthracis Strains.
M. Drysdale, G. Olson, T. M. Koehler, M. F. Lipscomb, and C. R. Lyons (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 1757-1764
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interaction with MEK Causes Nuclear Export and Downregulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma}.
E. Burgermeister, D. Chuderland, T. Hanoch, M. Meyer, M. Liscovitch, and R. Seger (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 803-817
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lethal and Edema Toxins in the Pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis Septic Shock: Implications for Therapy.
K. Sherer, Y. Li, X. Cui, and P. Q. Eichacker (2007)
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 175, 211-221
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Insertion of Anthrax Protective Antigen into Liposomal Membranes: EFFECTS OF A RECEPTOR.
J. Sun, G. Vernier, D. J. Wigelsworth, and R. J. Collier (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 1059-1065
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Systemic Anthrax Lethal Toxin Therapy Produces Regressions of Subcutaneous Human Melanoma Tumors in Athymic Nude Mice.
R. J. Abi-Habib, R. Singh, S. H. Leppla, J. J. Greene, Y. Ding, B. Berghuis, N. S. Duesbery, and A. E. Frankel (2006)
Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 7437-7443
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toxin-Deficient Mutants of Bacillus anthracis Are Lethal in a Murine Model for Pulmonary Anthrax.
S. Heninger, M. Drysdale, J. Lovchik, J. Hutt, M. F. Lipscomb, T. M. Koehler, and C. R. Lyons (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 6067-6074
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Retrocyclins Kill Bacilli and Germinating Spores of Bacillus anthracis and Inactivate Anthrax Lethal Toxin.
W. Wang, C. Mulakala, S. C. Ward, G. Jung, H. Luong, D. Pham, A. J. Waring, Y. Kaznessis, W. Lu, K. A. Bradley, et al. (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 32755-32764
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protective antigen as a correlative marker for anthrax in animal models..
D. Kobiler, S. Weiss, H. Levy, M. Fisher, A. Mechaly, A. Pass, and Z. Altboum (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 5871-5876
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A urokinase-activated recombinant anthrax toxin is selectively cytotoxic to many human tumor cell types..
R. J. Abi-Habib, R. Singh, S. Liu, T. H. Bugge, S. H. Leppla, and A. E. Frankel (2006)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 5, 2556-2562
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased CUG Triplet Repeat-binding Protein-1 Predisposes to Impaired Adipogenesis with Aging.
I. Karagiannides, T. Thomou, T. Tchkonia, T. Pirtskhalava, K. E. Kypreos, A. Cartwright, G. Dalagiorgou, T. L. Lash, S. R. Farmer, N. A. Timchenko, et al. (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 23025-23033
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1/Tumor Endothelium Marker 8 Mediates Cell Spreading by Coupling Extracellular Ligands to the Actin Cytoskeleton.
E. Werner, A. P. Kowalczyk, and V. Faundez (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 23227-23236
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cisplatin inhibition of anthrax lethal toxin..
M. Moayeri, J. F. Wiggins, R. E. Lindeman, and S. H. Leppla (2006)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 2658-2665
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Autophagy Contributes to Caspase-independent Macrophage Cell Death.
Y. Xu, S. O. Kim, Y. Li, and J. Han (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 19179-19187
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bacillus anthracis Toxins Inhibit Human Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase Activity..
M. A. Crawford, C. V. Aylott, R. W. Bourdeau, and G. M. Bokoch (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 7557-7565
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Detection of Anthrax Toxin in the Serum of Animals Infected with Bacillus anthracis by Using Engineered Immunoassays.
R. Mabry, K. Brasky, R. Geiger, R. Carrion Jr., G. B. Hubbard, S. Leppla, J. L. Patterson, G. Georgiou, and B. L. Iverson (2006)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 13, 671-677
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protease specificity determination by using cellular libraries of peptide substrates (CLiPS).
K. T. Boulware and P. S. Daugherty (2006)
PNAS 103, 7583-7588
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gold nanoparticles-based protease assay..
C. Guarise, L. Pasquato, V. De Filippis, and P. Scrimin (2006)
PNAS 103, 3978-3982
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From The Cover: Anthrax lethal factor and edema factor act on conserved targets in Drosophila.
A. Guichard, J. M. Park, B. Cruz-Moreno, M. Karin, and E. Bier (2006)
PNAS 103, 3244-3249
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cytokine Response and Survival of Mice Immunized with an Adenovirus Expressing Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Domain 4.
M. J. McConnell, P. C. Hanna, and M. J. Imperiale (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 1009-1015
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural Determinants for the Binding of Anthrax Lethal Factor to Oligomeric Protective Antigen.
R. A. Melnyk, K. M. Hewitt, D. B. Lacy, H. C. Lin, C. R. Gessner, S. Li, V. L. Woods Jr., and R. J. Collier (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 1630-1635
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Spontaneous Deamidation on the Cytotoxic Activity of the Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen.
G. Zomber, S. Reuveny, N. Garti, A. Shafferman, and E. Elhanany (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 39897-39906
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Direct Inhibition of T-Lymphocyte Activation by Anthrax Toxins In Vivo.
J. E. Comer, A. K. Chopra, J. W. Peterson, and R. Konig (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 8275-8281
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Measurements of Anthrax Toxin Pore Current.
J. T. Wolfe, B. A. Krantz, G. J. A. Rainey, J. A. T. Young, and R. J. Collier (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 39417-39422
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A model of anthrax toxin lethal factor bound to protective antigen.
D. B. Lacy, H. C. Lin, R. A. Melnyk, O. Schueler-Furman, L. Reither, K. Cunningham, D. Baker, and R. J. Collier (2005)
PNAS 102, 16409-16414
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metalloproteinase Inhibitors, Nonantimicrobial Chemically Modified Tetracyclines, and Ilomastat Block Bacillus anthracis Lethal Factor Activity in Viable Cells.
S. S. Kocer, S. G. Walker, B. Zerler, L. M. Golub, and S. R. Simon (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 7548-7557
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bacillus anthracis Edema Toxin Causes Extensive Tissue Lesions and Rapid Lethality in Mice.
A. M. Firoved, G. F. Miller, M. Moayeri, R. Kakkar, Y. Shen, J. F. Wiggins, E. M. McNally, W.-J. Tang, and S. H. Leppla (2005)
Am. J. Pathol. 167, 1309-1320
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Receptor-specific requirements for anthrax toxin delivery into cells.
G. J. A. Rainey, D. J. Wigelsworth, P. L. Ryan, H. M. Scobie, R. J. Collier, and J. A. T. Young (2005)
PNAS 102, 13278-13283
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protection from Anthrax Toxin-Mediated Killing of Macrophages by the Combined Effects of Furin Inhibitors and Chloroquine.
T. Komiyama, J. A. Swanson, and R. S. Fuller (2005)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49, 3875-3882
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
BRAF status and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1/2 activity indicate sensitivity of melanoma cells to anthrax lethal toxin.
R. J. Abi-Habib, J. O. Urieto, S. Liu, S. H. Leppla, N. S. Duesbery, and A. E. Frankel (2005)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 4, 1303-1310
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Efficient synthetic inhibitors of anthrax lethal factor.
M. Forino, S. Johnson, T. Y. Wong, D. V. Rozanov, A. Y. Savinov, W. Li, R. Fattorusso, B. Becattini, A. J. Orry, D. Jung, et al. (2005)
PNAS 102, 9499-9504
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Endocrine Perturbation Increases Susceptibility of Mice to Anthrax Lethal Toxin.
M. Moayeri, J. I. Webster, J. F. Wiggins, S. H. Leppla, and E. M. Sternberg (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 4238-4244
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Membrane Insertion by Anthrax Protective Antigen in Cultured Cells.
M. Qa'dan, K. A. Christensen, L. Zhang, T. M. Roberts, and R. J. Collier (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 5492-5498
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax Lethal Toxin Induces Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction.
J. M. Warfel, A. D. Steele, and F. D'Agnillo (2005)
Am. J. Pathol. 166, 1871-1881
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteases and Signaling.
S. Wilk (2005)
Sci. STKE 2005, tr15
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dendritic Cells Endocytose Bacillus anthracis Spores: Implications for Anthrax Pathogenesis.
K. C. Brittingham, G. Ruthel, R. G. Panchal, C. L. Fuller, W. J. Ribot, T. A. Hoover, H. A. Young, A. O. Anderson, and S. Bavari (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 5545-5552
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax Edema Toxin Cooperates with Lethal Toxin to Impair Cytokine Secretion during Infection of Dendritic Cells.
J.-N. Tournier, A. Quesnel-Hellmann, J. Mathieu, C. Montecucco, W.-J. Tang, M. Mock, D. R. Vidal, and P. L. Goossens (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 4934-4941
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax Lethal Toxin Blocks MAPK Kinase-Dependent IL-2 Production in CD4+ T Cells.
H. Fang, R. Cordoba-Rodriguez, C. S. R. Lankford, and D. M. Frucht (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 4966-4971
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human {alpha}-defensins neutralize anthrax lethal toxin and protect against its fatal consequences.
C. Kim, N. Gajendran, H.-W. Mittrucker, M. Weiwad, Y.-H. Song, R. Hurwitz, M. Wilmanns, G. Fischer, and S. H. E. Kaufmann (2005)
PNAS 102, 4830-4835
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Purified Bacillus anthracis Lethal Toxin Complex Formed in Vitro and during Infection Exhibits Functional and Biological Activity.
R. G. Panchal, K. M. Halverson, W. Ribot, D. Lane, T. Kenny, T. G. Abshire, J. W. Ezzell, T. A. Hoover, B. Powell, S. Little, et al. (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 10834-10839
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
GeneChip Analyses of Global Transcriptional Responses of Murine Macrophages to the Lethal Toxin of Bacillus anthracis.
J. E. Comer, C. L. Galindo, A. K. Chopra, and J. W. Peterson (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 1879-1885
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bacterial toxins and the immune system: show me the in vivo targets.
J. E. Galan (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 201, 321-323
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrax toxins suppress T lymphocyte activation by disrupting antigen receptor signaling.
S. R. Paccani, F. Tonello, R. Ghittoni, M. Natale, L. Muraro, M. M. D'Elios, W.-J. Tang, C. Montecucco, and C. T. Baldari (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 201, 325-331
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A High-Affinity Monoclonal Antibody to Anthrax Protective Antigen Passively Protects Rabbits before and after Aerosolized Bacillus anthracis Spore Challenge.
N. Mohamed, M. Clagett, J. Li, S. Jones, S. Pincus, G. D'Alia, L. Nardone, M. Babin, G. Spitalny, and L. Casey (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 795-802
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Murine Macrophage Transcriptional Responses to Bacillus anthracis Infection and Intoxication.
N. H. Bergman, K. D. Passalacqua, R. Gaspard, L. M. Shetron-Rama, J. Quackenbush, and P. C. Hanna (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 1069-1080
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anthrolysin O and Other Gram-positive Cytolysins Are Toll-like Receptor 4 Agonists.
J. M. Park, V. H. Ng, S. Maeda, R. F. Rest, and M. Karin (2004)
J. Exp. Med. 200, 1647-1655
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Involvement of Domain II in Toxicity of Anthrax Lethal Factor.
X. Liang, J. J. Young, S. A. Boone, D. S. Waugh, and N. S. Duesbery (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 52473-52478
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rabbit and Nonhuman Primate Models of Toxin-Targeting Human Anthrax Vaccines.
A. J. Phipps, C. Premanandan, R. E. Barnewall, and M. D. Lairmore (2004)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68, 617-629
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional Analysis of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen by Using Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies.
F. Brossier, M. Levy, A. Landier, P. Lafaye, and M. Mock (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 6313-6317
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A cationic lipid-formulated plasmid DNA vaccine confers sustained antibody-mediated protection against aerosolized anthrax spores.
G. Hermanson, V. Whitlow, S. Parker, K. Tonsky, D. Rusalov, M. Ferrari, P. Lalor, M. Komai, R. Mere, M. Bell, et al. (2004)
PNAS 101, 13601-13606
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)