Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 14 November 1997:
Vol. 278. no. 5341, pp. 1295 - 1300
DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5341.1295
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Identification of a Reservoir for HIV-1 in Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Diana Finzi, Monika Hermankova, Theodore Pierson, Lucy M. Carruth, Christopher Buck, Richard E. Chaisson, Thomas C. Quinn, Karen Chadwick, Joseph Margolick, Ronald Brookmeyer, Joel Gallant, Martin Markowitz, David D. Ho, Douglas D. Richman, Robert F. Siliciano *

The hypothesis that quiescent CD4+ T lymphocytes carrying proviral DNA provide a reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was examined. In a study of 22 patients successfully treated with HAART for up to 30 months, replication-competent virus was routinely recovered from resting CD4+ T lymphocytes. The frequency of resting CD4+ T cells harboring latent HIV-1 was low, 0.2 to 16.4 per 106 cells, and, in cross-sectional analysis, did not decrease with increasing time on therapy. The recovered viruses generally did not show mutations associated with resistance to the relevant antiretroviral drugs. This reservoir of nonevolving latent virus in resting CD4+ T cells should be considered in deciding whether to terminate treatment in patients who respond to HAART.

D. Finzi, M. Hermankova, T. Pierson, L. M. Carruth, C. Buck, R. E. Chaisson, T. C. Quinn, J. Gallant, R. F. Siliciano, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
K. Chadwick and J. Margolick, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
R. Brookmeyer, Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
M. Markowitz and D. D. Ho, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
D. D. Richman, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
A Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaque Model To Study Viral Reservoirs That Persist during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
J. B. Dinoso, S. A. Rabi, J. N. Blankson, L. Gama, J. L. Mankowski, R. F. Siliciano, M. C. Zink, and J. E. Clements (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 9247-9257
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Potent Activity of a Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, 4'-Ethynyl-2-Fluoro-2'-Deoxyadenosine, against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in a Model Using Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell-Transplanted NOD/SCID Janus Kinase 3 Knockout Mice.
S. Hattori, K. Ide, H. Nakata, H. Harada, S. Suzu, N. Ashida, S. Kohgo, H. Hayakawa, H. Mitsuya, and S. Okada (2009)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53, 3887-3893
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viremia and Provirus in Resting CD4+ T Cells Reveals a Novel Source of Residual Viremia in Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy.
T. P. Brennan, J. O. Woods, A. R. Sedaghat, J. D. Siliciano, R. F. Siliciano, and C. O. Wilke (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 8470-8481
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Treatment intensification does not reduce residual HIV-1 viremia in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy.
J. B. Dinoso, S. Y. Kim, A. M. Wiegand, S. E. Palmer, S. J. Gange, L. Cranmer, A. O'Shea, M. Callender, A. Spivak, T. Brennan, et al. (2009)
PNAS 106, 9403-9408
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
High frequencies of resting CD4+ T cells containing integrated viral DNA are found in rhesus macaques during acute lentivirus infections.
Y. Nishimura, R. Sadjadpour, J. J. Mattapallil, T. Igarashi, W. Lee, A. Buckler-White, M. Roederer, T.-W. Chun, and M. A. Martin (2009)
PNAS 106, 8015-8020
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Isolation of a cellular factor that can reactivate latent HIV-1 without T cell activation.
H.-C. Yang, L. Shen, R. F. Siliciano, and J. L. Pomerantz (2009)
PNAS 106, 6321-6326
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhanced Antibody Responses Elicited by a CpG Adjuvant Do Not Improve the Protective Effect of an Aldrithiol-2-Inactivated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Therapeutic AIDS Vaccine.
Y. Wang, S. A. Blozis, M. Lederman, A. Krieg, A. Landay, and C. J. Miller (2009)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 16, 499-505
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Challenge of Finding a Cure for HIV Infection.
D. D. Richman, D. M. Margolis, M. Delaney, W. C. Greene, D. Hazuda, and R. J. Pomerantz (2009)
Science 323, 1304-1307
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of HIV-1 latency and reactivation in primary memory CD4+ T cells.
A. Bosque and V. Planelles (2009)
Blood 113, 58-65
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An In Vitro System to Model the Establishment and Reactivation of HIV-1 Latency.
A. Marini, J. M. Harper, and F. Romerio (2008)
J. Immunol. 181, 7713-7720
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antiretroviral Therapy prior to Acute Viral Replication Preserves CD4 T Cells in the Periphery but Not in Rectal Mucosa during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
M. Kader, W. M. Hassan, M. Eberly, M. Piatak, J. D. Lifson, M. Roederer, and J. J. Mattapallil (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 11467-11471
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV rebounds from latently infected cells, rather than from continuing low-level replication.
B. Joos, M. Fischer, H. Kuster, S. K. Pillai, J. K. Wong, J. Boni, B. Hirschel, R. Weber, A. Trkola, H. F. Gunthard, et al. (2008)
PNAS 105, 16725-16730
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Therapeutic Vaccination with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-DNA+IL-12 or IL-15 Induces Distinct CD8 Memory Subsets in SIV-Infected Macaques.
R. Halwani, J. D. Boyer, B. Yassine-Diab, E. K. Haddad, T. M. Robinson, S. Kumar, R. Parkinson, L. Wu, M. K. Sidhu, R. Phillipson-Weiner, et al. (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 7969-7979
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of the Follicular Dendritic Cell Reservoir of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
B. F. Keele, L. Tazi, S. Gartner, Y. Liu, T. B. Burgon, J. D. Estes, T. C. Thacker, K. A. Crandall, J. C. McArthur, and G. F. Burton (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 5548-5561
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Receptor Tyrosine Kinase RON Represses HIV-1 Transcription by Targeting RNA Polymerase II Processivity.
A. Klatt, Z. Zhang, P. Kalantari, P. A. Hankey, D. S. Gilmour, and A. J. Henderson (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 1670-1677
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparison of Plasma Viremia and Antibody Responses in Macaques Inoculated with Envelope Variants of Single-Cycle Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Differing in Infectivity and Cellular Tropism.
M. Q. DeGottardi, S. K. Lew, M. Piatak Jr., B. Jia, Y. Feng, S. J. Lee, J. M. Brenchley, D. C. Douek, T. Kodama, J. D. Lifson, et al. (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 321-334
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Betulinic Acid Derivatives That Target gp120 and Inhibit Multiple Genetic Subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
W. Lai, L. Huang, P. Ho, Z. Li, D. Montefiori, and C.-H. Chen (2008)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52, 128-136
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21 increase permissiveness of resting memory CD4+ T cells to HIV-1 infection: a novel model of HIV-1 latency.
S. Saleh, A. Solomon, F. Wightman, M. Xhilaga, P. U. Cameron, and S. R. Lewin (2007)
Blood 110, 4161-4164
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacokinetics, Toxicity, and Functional Studies of the Selective Kv1.3 Channel Blocker 5-(4-Phenoxybutoxy)Psoralen in Rhesus Macaques.
L. E. Pereira, F. Villinger, H. Wulff, A. Sankaranarayanan, G. Raman, and A. A. Ansari (2007)
Experimental Biology and Medicine 232, 1338-1354
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Productive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Peripheral Blood Predominantly Takes Place in CD4/CD8 Double-Negative T Lymphocytes.
P. Kaiser, B. Joos, B. Niederost, R. Weber, H. F. Gunthard, M. Fischer, and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 9693-9706
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Primary Cell Model for Activation-Inducible Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
B. Burke, H. J. Brown, M. D. Marsden, G. Bristol, D. N. Vatakis, and J. A. Zack (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 7424-7434
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV-1 and HIV-Associated Nephropathy 25 Years Later.
C. M. Wyatt and P. E. Klotman (2007)
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2, S20-S24
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhanced Replication of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in T Cells from Transgenic Rats Expressing Human CRM1 That Is Regulated in a Natural Manner.
R. Takayanagi, T. Ohashi, E. Yamashita, Y. Kurosaki, K. Tanaka, Y. Hakata, Y. Komoda, S. Ikeda, Y. Tsunetsugu-Yokota, Y. Tanaka, et al. (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 5908-5918
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The CD16+ Monocyte Subset Is More Permissive to Infection and Preferentially Harbors HIV-1 In Vivo.
P. J. Ellery, E. Tippett, Y.-L. Chiu, G. Paukovics, P. U. Cameron, A. Solomon, S. R. Lewin, P. R. Gorry, A. Jaworowski, W. C. Greene, et al. (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 6581-6589
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Infection Influences the Level and Function of Regulatory T Cells in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques but Not SIV-Infected Sooty Mangabeys.
L. E. Pereira, F. Villinger, N. Onlamoon, P. Bryan, A. Cardona, K. Pattanapanysat, K. Mori, S. Hagen, L. Picker, and A. A. Ansari (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 4445-4456
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel In Vivo Model for the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcription Inhibitors: Evaluation of New 6-Desfluoroquinolone Derivatives.
M. Stevens, M. Pollicita, C. Pannecouque, E. Verbeken, O. Tabarrini, V. Cecchetti, S. Aquaro, C. F. Perno, A. Fravolini, E. De Clercq, et al. (2007)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51, 1407-1413
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Development of Methods for Coordinate Measurement of Total Cell-Associated and Integrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) DNA Forms in Routine Clinical Samples: Levels Are Not Associated with Clinical Parameters, but Low Levels of Integrated HIV-1 DNA May Be Prognostic for Continued Successful Therapy.
J. M. Carr, K. M. Cheney, C. Coolen, A. Davis, D. Shaw, W. Ferguson, G. Chang, G. Higgins, C. Burrell, and P. Li (2007)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 1288-1297
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Isolation and Characterization of Replication-Competent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from a Subset of Elite Suppressors.
J. N. Blankson, J. R. Bailey, S. Thayil, H.-C. Yang, K. Lassen, J. Lai, S. K. Gandhi, J. D. Siliciano, T. M. Williams, and R. F. Siliciano (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 2508-2518
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel Pathway for Induction of Latent Virus from Resting CD4+ T Cells in the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/Macaque Model of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Latency.
A. Shen, H.-C. Yang, Y. Zhou, A. J. Chase, J. D. Boyer, H. Zhang, J. B. Margolick, M. C. Zink, J. E. Clements, and R. F. Siliciano (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 1660-1670
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hydroxyurea and Interleukin-6 Synergistically Reactivate HIV-1 Replication in a Latently Infected Promonocytic Cell Line via SP1/SP3 Transcription Factors.
R. M. Oguariri, T. W. Brann, and T. Imamichi (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 3594-3604
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lentivirus vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs against the U3-overlapping region of HIV nef inhibit HIV replication and infectivity in primary macrophages.
T. Yamamoto, H. Miyoshi, N. Yamamoto, N. Yamamoto, J.-i. Inoue, and Y. Tsunetsugu-Yokota (2006)
Blood 108, 3305-3312
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Continued evolution of HIV-1 circulating in blood monocytes with antiretroviral therapy: genetic analysis of HIV-1 in monocytes and CD4+ T cells of patients with discontinued therapy..
N. Llewellyn, R. Zioni, H. Zhu, T. Andrus, Y. Xu, L. Corey, and T. Zhu (2006)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 80, 1118-1126
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Administration of Fludarabine-Loaded Autologous Red Blood Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Sooty Mangabeys Depletes pSTAT-1-Expressing Macrophages and Delays the Rebound of Viremia after Suspension of Antiretroviral Therapy..
B. Cervasi, M. Paiardini, S. Serafini, A. Fraternale, M. Menotta, J. Engram, B. Lawson, S. I. Staprans, G. Piedimonte, C. F. Perno, et al. (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 10335-10345
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In vitro modeling of the HIV-macrophage reservoir.
A. Brown, H. Zhang, P. Lopez, C. A. Pardo, and S. Gartner (2006)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 80, 1127-1135
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Monocyte-derived macrophages and myeloid cell lines as targets of HIV-1 replication and persistence.
E. Cassol, M. Alfano, P. Biswas, and G. Poli (2006)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 80, 1018-1030
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid Viral Decay in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques Receiving Quadruple Antiretroviral Therapy.
E. Brandin, R. Thorstensson, S. Bonhoeffer, and J. Albert (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 9861-9864
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Residual Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viremia in Some Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy Is Dominated by a Small Number of Invariant Clones Rarely Found in Circulating CD4+ T Cells..
J. R. Bailey, A. R. Sedaghat, T. Kieffer, T. Brennan, P. K. Lee, M. Wind-Rotolo, C. M. Haggerty, A. R. Kamireddi, Y. Liu, J. Lee, et al. (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 6441-6457
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Long-Term Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Human Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope gp120 (MAb 2G12) and gp41 (MAbs 4E10 and 2F5)..
B. Joos, A. Trkola, H. Kuster, L. Aceto, M. Fischer, G. Stiegler, C. Armbruster, B. Vcelar, H. Katinger, and H. F. Gunthard (2006)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 1773-1779
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hexamethylbisacetamide Remodels the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Promoter and Induces Tat-Independent HIV-1 Expression but Blunts Cell Activation.
V. Klichko, N. Archin, R. Kaur, G. Lehrman, and D. Margolis (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 4570-4579
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neutralizing antibodies do not mediate suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in elite suppressors or selection of plasma virus variants in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy..
J. R. Bailey, K. G. Lassen, H.-C. Yang, T. C. Quinn, S. C. Ray, J. N. Blankson, and R. F. Siliciano (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 4758-4770
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Efficient stimulation of HIV-1-specific T cells using dendritic cells electroporated with mRNA encoding autologous HIV-1 Gag and Env proteins.
E. R. A. Van Gulck, P. Ponsaerts, L. Heyndrickx, K. Vereecken, F. Moerman, A. De Roo, R. Colebunders, G. Van den Bosch, D. R. Van Bockstaele, V. F. I. Van Tendeloo, et al. (2006)
Blood 107, 1818-1827
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immunotherapeutic relief from persistent infections and amyloid disorders.
D. B. McGavern (2006)
Neurology 66, S59-S64
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preliminary Mapping of a Putative Inhibitor-Binding Pocket for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase Inhibitors.
D. J. Lee and W. E. Robinson Jr. (2006)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 134-142
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synthetic Vpr Protein Activates Activator Protein-1, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase, and NF-{kappa}B and Stimulates HIV-1 Transcription in Promonocytic Cells and Primary Macrophages.
A. Varin, A.-Z. Decrion, E. Sabbah, V. Quivy, J. Sire, C. Van Lint, B. P. Roques, B. B. Aggarwal, and G. Herbein (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 42557-42567
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single-Molecule Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120-Receptor Interactions in Living Cells.
M. I. Chang, P. Panorchan, T. M. Dobrowsky, Y. Tseng, and D. Wirtz (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 14748-14755
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Decay of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Unintegrated DNA Containing Two Long Terminal Repeats in Infected Individuals after 3 to 8 Years of Sustained Control of Viremia.
J. L. McDermott, I. Martini, D. Ferrari, F. Bertolotti, C. Giacomazzi, G. Murdaca, F. Puppo, F. Indiveri, and O. E. Varnier (2005)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 5272-5274
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interleukin-10 Induces Inhibitory C/EBP{beta} through STAT-3 and Represses HIV-1 Transcription in Macrophages.
N. Tanaka, Y. Hoshino, J. Gold, S. Hoshino, F. Martiniuk, T. Kurata, R. Pine, D. Levy, W. N. Rom, and M. Weiden (2005)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 33, 406-411
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence that Low-Level Viremias during Effective Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Result from Two Processes: Expression of Archival Virus and Replication of Virus.
N. H. Tobin, G. H. Learn, S. E. Holte, Y. Wang, A. J. Melvin, J. L. McKernan, D. M. Pawluk, K. M. Mohan, P. F. Lewis, J. I. Mullins, et al. (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 9625-9634
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reactivation by Phorbol Esters or T-Cell Receptor Ligation Requires both PKC{alpha} and PKC{theta}.
S. A. Trushin, G. D. Bren, S. Asin, K. N. Pennington, C. V. Paya, and A. D. Badley (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 9821-9830
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Suppression of Virus Load by Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Rhesus Macaques Infected with a Recombinant Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Containing Reverse Transcriptase from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
T. W. North, K. K. A. Van Rompay, J. Higgins, T. B. Matthews, D. A. Wadford, N. C. Pedersen, and R. F. Schinazi (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 7349-7354
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome-Wide Analysis of Chromosomal Features Repressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transcription.
M. K. Lewinski, D. Bisgrove, P. Shinn, H. Chen, C. Hoffmann, S. Hannenhalli, E. Verdin, C. C. Berry, J. R. Ecker, and F. D. Bushman (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 6610-6619
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Novel Assay Allows Genotyping of the Latent Reservoir for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the Resting CD4+ T Cells of Viremic Patients.
D. Monie, R. P. Simmons, R. E. Nettles, T. L. Kieffer, Y. Zhou, H. Zhang, S. Karmon, R. Ingersoll, K. Chadwick, H. Zhang, et al. (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 5185-5202
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In Vivo Evidence for Instability of Episomal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 cDNA.
M. Sharkey, K. Triques, D. R. Kuritzkes, and M. Stevenson (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 5203-5210
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Korean Red Ginseng Slows Depletion of CD4 T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients.
H. Sung, S.-M. Kang, M.-S. Lee, T. G. Kim, and Y.-K. Cho (2005)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 12, 497-501
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The latent HIV-1 reservoir in patients undergoing HAART: an archive of pre-HAART drug resistance.
A. Noe, J. Plum, and C. Verhofstede (2005)
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 55, 410-412
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Statistical Characterization of Consistent Patterns of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Evolution Within Infected Patients.
S. Williamson, S. M. Perry, C. D. Bustamante, M. E. Orive, M. N. Stearns, and J. K. Kelly (2005)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 22, 456-468
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intermittent HIV-1 Viremia (Blips) and Drug Resistance in Patients Receiving HAART.
R. E. Nettles, T. L. Kieffer, P. Kwon, D. Monie, Y. Han, T. Parsons, J. Cofrancesco Jr, J. E. Gallant, T. C. Quinn, B. Jackson, et al. (2005)
JAMA 293, 817-829
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Decay following Entry into Resting CD4+ T Cells.
Y. Zhou, H. Zhang, J. D. Siliciano, and R. F. Siliciano (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 2199-2210
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
G->A Hypermutation in Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Regions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Residing in Resting CD4+ T Cells In Vivo.
T. L. Kieffer, P. Kwon, R. E. Nettles, Y. Han, S. C. Ray, and R. F. Siliciano (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 1975-1980
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanisms for Macrophage-Mediated HIV-1 Induction.
K. Devadas, N. J. Hardegen, L. M. Wahl, I. K. Hewlett, K. A. Clouse, K. M. Yamada, and S. Dhawan (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 6735-6744
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Overexpression of a Novel Lymphocyte Population, Positive for an Intracellular CD14-Like Antigen, in Patients Positive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
D. Turner, M. Hoffman, I. Yust, M. Fried, M. Bleiberg, and B. Tartakovsky (2004)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 11, 1040-1044
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dual Role of Prostratin in Inhibition of Infection and Reactivation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus from Latency in Primary Blood Lymphocytes and Lymphoid Tissue.
A. Biancotto, J.-C. Grivel, F. Gondois-Rey, L. Bettendroffer, R. Vigne, S. Brown, L. B. Margolis, and I. Hirsch (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 10507-10515
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Antigen Secretion by Latently Infected Resting CD4+ T Lymphocytes from HIV-1-Infected Individuals.
J.-M. Fondere, G. Petitjean, M.-F. Huguet, S. L. Salhi, V. Baillat, A. Macura-Biegum, P. Becquart, J. Reynes, and J.-P. Vendrell (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 10536-10542
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcriptional Elongation in Resting CD4+ T Cells In Vivo.
K. G. Lassen, J. R. Bailey, and R. F. Siliciano (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 9105-9114
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Abacavir Have Different Effects on Resting Cells Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus In Vitro.
J. Saavedra-Lozano, C. C. McCoig, Y. Cao, E. S. Vitetta, and O. Ramilo (2004)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48, 2825-2830
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Estimation of Serum-Free 50-Percent Inhibitory Concentrations for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors Lopinavir and Ritonavir.
D. Hickman, S. Vasavanonda, G. Nequist, L. Colletti, W. M. Kati, R. Bertz, A. Hsu, and D. J. Kempf (2004)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48, 2911-2917
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A long-term latent reservoir for HIV-1: discovery and clinical implications.
J. D. Siliciano and R. F. Siliciano (2004)
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54, 6-9
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Resting CD4+ T Cells from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Individuals Carry Integrated HIV-1 Genomes within Actively Transcribed Host Genes.
Y. Han, K. Lassen, D. Monie, A. R. Sedaghat, S. Shimoji, X. Liu, T. C. Pierson, J. B. Margolick, R. F. Siliciano, and J. D. Siliciano (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 6122-6133
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Effects of Interleukin-7 and Interleukin-15 on NK Cell Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity.
J. J. Lum, D. J. Schnepple, Z. Nie, J. Sanchez-Dardon, G. L. Mbisa, J. Mihowich, N. Hawley, S. Narayan, J. E. Kim, D. H. Lynch, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 6033-6042
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Activate HIV Replication in Latently Infected Human T Cells.
C. Scheller, A. Ullrich, K. McPherson, B. Hefele, J. Knoferle, S. Lamla, A. R. M. Olbrich, H. Stocker, K. Arasteh, V. t. Meulen, et al. (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 21897-21902
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Where Does HIV Live?.
J. Stebbing, B. Gazzard, and D. C. Douek (2004)
N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 1872-1880
   Full Text »    PDF »
P Glycoprotein in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Therapy.
S. U. C. Sankatsing, J. H. Beijnen, A. H. Schinkel, J. M. A. Lange, and J. M. Prins (2004)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48, 1073-1081
   Full Text »    PDF »
Retinoid-Dependent Restriction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Monocytes/Macrophages.
T. M. Hanley, H. L. B. Kiefer, A. C. Schnitzler, J. E. Marcello, and G. A. Viglianti (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 2819-2830
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV Drug Resistance.
F. Clavel and A. J. Hance (2004)
N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 1023-1035
   Full Text »    PDF »
Highly Uneven Distribution of Tenofovir-Selected Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Different Anatomical Sites of Rhesus Macaques.
M. Magierowska, F. Bernardin, S. Garg, S. Staprans, M. D. Miller, K. K. A. Van Rompay, and E. L. Delwart (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 2434-2444
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel Single-Cell-Level Phenotypic Assay for Residual Drug Susceptibility and Reduced Replication Capacity of Drug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
H. Zhang, Y. Zhou, C. Alcock, T. Kiefer, D. Monie, J. Siliciano, Q. Li, P. Pham, J. Cofrancesco, D. Persaud, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 1718-1729
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity via Humoral Immune Epitope of Nef Protein Expressed on Cell Surface.
T. Yamada, N. Watanabe, T. Nakamura, and A. Iwamoto (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 2401-2406
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Co-existence of recent and ancestral nucleotide sequences in viral quasispecies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 patients.
G. Bello, C. Casado, S. Garcia, C. Rodriguez, J. del Romero, and C. Lopez-Galindez (2004)
J. Gen. Virol. 85, 399-407
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Continued Production of Drug-Sensitive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Children on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Who Have Undetectable Viral Loads.
D. Persaud, G. K. Siberry, A. Ahonkhai, J. Kajdas, D. Monie, N. Hutton, D. C. Watson, T. C. Quinn, S. C. Ray, and R. F. Siliciano (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 968-979
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Different Sensitivity to Apoptosis in Cells of Monocytic or Lymphocytic Origin Chronically Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1.
M. Pinti, P. Biswas, L. Troiano, M. Nasi, R. Ferraresi, C. Mussini, J. Vecchiet, R. Esposito, R. Paganelli, and A. Cossarizza (2003)
Experimental Biology and Medicine 228, 1346-1354
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inferring Evolutionary Rates Using Serially Sampled Sequences from Several Populations.
A. G. Rodrigo, M. Goode, R. Forsberg, H. A. Ross, and A. Drummond (2003)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 2010-2018
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The contribution of monocyte infection and trafficking to viral persistence, and maintenance of the viral reservoir in HIV infection.
S. Crowe, T. Zhu, and W. A. Muller (2003)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 74, 635-641
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of T cell-signaling pathways that stimulate latent HIV in primary cells.
D. G. Brooks, P. A. Arlen, L. Gao, C. M. R. Kitchen, and J. A. Zack (2003)
PNAS 100, 12955-12960
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Productive Infection Maintains a Dynamic Steady State of Residual Viremia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Persons Treated with Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy for Five Years.
D. V. Havlir, M. C. Strain, M. Clerici, C. Ignacio, D. Trabattoni, P. Ferrante, and J. K. Wong (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 11212-11219
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
New Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Initiated PCR Assay with Single-Copy Sensitivity for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma.
S. Palmer, A. P. Wiegand, F. Maldarelli, H. Bazmi, J. M. Mican, M. Polis, R. L. Dewar, A. Planta, S. Liu, J. A. Metcalf, et al. (2003)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 4531-4536
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Nucleoside-Resistant HIV-1 Infection: A Randomized Trial.
K. Squires, A. L. Pozniak, G. Pierone Jr., C. R. Steinhart, D. Berger, N. C. Bellos, S. L. Becker, M. Wulfsohn, M. D. Miller, J. J. Toole, et al. (2003)
Ann Intern Med 139, 313-320
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptional Profiles of Latent Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infected Individuals: Effects of Tat on the Host and Reservoir.
X. Lin, D. Irwin, S. Kanazawa, L. Huang, J. Romeo, T. S. B. Yen, and B. M. Peterlin (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 8227-8236
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gene Expression in Latently Infected Resting CD4+ T Lymphocytes In Vivo.
M. Hermankova, J. D. Siliciano, Y. Zhou, D. Monie, K. Chadwick, J. B. Margolick, T. C. Quinn, and R. F. Siliciano (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 7383-7392
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nuclear Export of Vpr Is Required for Efficient Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Tissue Macrophages.
M. P. Sherman, C. M. C. de Noronha, L. A. Eckstein, J. Hataye, P. Mundt, S. A. F. Williams, J. A. Neidleman, M. A. Goldsmith, and W. C. Greene (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 7582-7589
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Persistence of Extraordinarily Low Levels of Genetically Homogeneous Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Exposed Seronegative Individuals.
T. Zhu, L. Corey, Y. Hwangbo, J. M. Lee, G. H. Learn, J. I. Mullins, and M. J. McElrath (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 6108-6116
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Prospective Trial of Structured Treatment Interruptions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
C. Fagard, A. Oxenius, H. Gunthard, F. Garcia, M. Le Braz, G. Mestre, M. Battegay, H. Furrer, P. Vernazza, E. Bernasconi, et al. (2003)
Arch Intern Med 163, 1220-1226
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple Viral Genetic Analyses Detect Low-Level Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication during Effective Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
L. M. Frenkel, Y. Wang, G. H. Learn, J. L. McKernan, G. M. Ellis, K. M. Mohan, S. E. Holte, S. M. De Vange, D. M. Pawluk, A. J. Melvin, et al. (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 5721-5730
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Discordant Outcomes following Failure of Antiretroviral Therapy Are Associated with Substantial Differences in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Cellular Immunity.
D. A. Price, G. Scullard, A. Oxenius, R. Braganza, S. A. Beddows, S. Kazmi, J. R. Clarke, G. E. Johnson, J. N. Weber, and R. E. Phillips (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 6041-6049
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Susceptibilities of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus to Protease Inhibitors.
A. C. Giuffre, J. Higgins, R. W. Buckheit Jr., and T. W. North (2003)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47, 1756-1759
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary Indicators of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reservoirs and Compartments.
D. C. Nickle, M. A. Jensen, D. Shriner, S. J. Brodie, L. M. Frenkel, J. E. Mittler, and J. I. Mullins (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 5540-5546
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Resting CD4+ T Lymphocytes but Not Thymocytes Provide a Latent Viral Reservoir in a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Macaca nemestrina Model of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
A. Shen, M. C. Zink, J. L. Mankowski, K. Chadwick, J. B. Margolick, L. M. Carruth, M. Li, J. E. Clements, and R. F. Siliciano (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 4938-4949
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Heterogeneous clearance rates of long-lived lymphocytes infected with HIV: Intrinsic stability predicts lifelong persistence.
M. C. Strain, H. F. Gunthard, D. V. Havlir, C. C. Ignacio, D. M. Smith, A. J. Leigh-Brown, T. R. Macaranas, R. Y. Lam, O. A. Daly, M. Fischer, et al. (2003)
PNAS 100, 4819-4824
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptional Suppression of In Vitro-Integrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Does Not Correlate with Proviral DNA Methylation.
M. Pion, A. Jordan, A. Biancotto, F. Dequiedt, F. Gondois-Rey, S. Rondeau, R. Vigne, J. Hejnar, E. Verdin, and I. Hirsch (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 4025-4032
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
New Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 6-Aminoquinolones: Mechanism of Action.
C. Parolin, B. Gatto, C. Del Vecchio, T. Pecere, E. Tramontano, V. Cecchetti, A. Fravolini, S. Masiero, M. Palumbo, and G. Palu (2003)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47, 889-896
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Characterization of Rebounding Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Plasma during Multiple Interruptions of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
M. Dybul, M. Daucher, M. A. Jensen, C. W. Hallahan, T.-W. Chun, M. Belson, B. Hidalgo, D. C. Nickle, C. Yoder, J. A. Metcalf, et al. (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 3229-3237
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)