Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 9 May 1997:
Vol. 276. no. 5314, pp. 960 - 964
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5314.960
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Kinetics of Response in Lymphoid Tissues to Antiretroviral Therapy of HIV-1 Infection

Winston Cavert, Daan W. Notermans, Katherine Staskus, Stephen W. Wietgrefe, Mary Zupancic, Kristin Gebhard, Keith Henry, Zhi-Qiang Zhang, Roger Mills, Hugh McDade, Jaap Goudsmit, Sven A. Danner, Ashley T. Haase *

In lymphoid tissue, where human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) is produced and stored, three-drug treatment with viral protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors markedly reduced viral burden. This was shown by in situ hybridization and computerized quantitative analysis of serial tonsil biopsies from previously untreated adults. The frequency of productive mononuclear cells (MNCs) initially diminished with a half-life of about 1 day. Surprisingly, the amount of HIV-1 RNA in virus trapped on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) decreased almost as quickly. After 24 weeks, MNCs with very few copies of HIV-1 RNA per cell were still detectable, as was proviral DNA; however, the amount of FDC-associated virus decreased by >=3.4 log units. Thus, 6 months of potent therapy controlled active replication and cleared >99.9 percent of virus from the secondary lymphoid tissue reservoir.

W. Cavert, K. Staskus, S. W. Wietgrefe, M. Zupancic, K. Gebhard, Z.-Q. Zhang, A. T. Haase, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
D. W. Notermans, J. Goudsmit, S. A. Danner, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine, and AIDS and National AIDS Therapy Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Post Office Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
K. Henry, HIV Program, St. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center, St. Paul, MN 55101, USA, and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
R. Mills, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
H. McDade, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Greenford-Middlesex UB6 0HE, UK.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Determinants of the Establishment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Latency.
A. Duverger, J. Jones, J. May, F. Bibollet-Ruche, F. A. Wagner, R. Q. Cron, and O. Kutsch (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 3078-3093
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Follicular Dendritic Cells and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcription in CD4+ T Cells.
T. C. Thacker, X. Zhou, J. D. Estes, Y. Jiang, B. F. Keele, T. S. Elton, and G. F. Burton (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 150-158
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The dual role of dendritic cells in the immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.
I. B. Hogue, S. H. Bajaria, B. A. Fallert, S. Qin, T. A. Reinhart, and D. E. Kirschner (2008)
J. Gen. Virol. 89, 2228-2239
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Erythromycin derivatives inhibit HIV-1 replication in macrophages through modulation of MAPK activity to induce small isoforms of C/EBP{beta}.
I. Komuro, T. Sunazuka, K. S. Akagawa, Y. Yokota, A. Iwamoto, and S. Omura (2008)
PNAS 105, 12509-12514
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Decay dynamics of HIV-1 depend on the inhibited stages of the viral life cycle.
(2008)
PNAS 105, 4832-4837
Vpr Cytopathicity Independent of G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected CD4+ T Cells.
D. L. Bolton and M. J. Lenardo (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 8878-8890
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Continued evolution of HIV-1 circulating in blood monocytes with antiretroviral therapy: genetic analysis of HIV-1 in monocytes and CD4+ T cells of patients with discontinued therapy..
N. Llewellyn, R. Zioni, H. Zhu, T. Andrus, Y. Xu, L. Corey, and T. Zhu (2006)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 80, 1118-1126
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV interactions with dendritic cells: has our focus been too narrow?.
H. Donaghy, J. Wilkinson, and A. L. Cunningham (2006)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 80, 1001-1012
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Contribution of vpu, env, and nef to CD4 down-modulation and resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected T cells to superinfection..
S. Wildum, M. Schindler, J. Munch, and F. Kirchhoff (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 8047-8059
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Residual Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viremia in Some Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy Is Dominated by a Small Number of Invariant Clones Rarely Found in Circulating CD4+ T Cells..
J. R. Bailey, A. R. Sedaghat, T. Kieffer, T. Brennan, P. K. Lee, M. Wind-Rotolo, C. M. Haggerty, A. R. Kamireddi, Y. Liu, J. Lee, et al. (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 6441-6457
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles present within splenic germinal centres are produced locally.
M.-J. Dumaurier, S. Gratton, S. Wain-Hobson, and R. Cheynier (2005)
J. Gen. Virol. 86, 3369-3373
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A genetic-algorithm approach to simulating human immunodeficiency virus evolution reveals the strong impact of multiply infected cells and recombination.
G. Bocharov, N. J. Ford, J. Edwards, T. Breinig, S. Wain-Hobson, and A. Meyerhans (2005)
J. Gen. Virol. 86, 3109-3118
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Persistence of HIV-1 structural proteins and glycoproteins in lymph nodes of patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy.
M. Popovic, K. Tenner-Racz, C. Pelser, H.-J. Stellbrink, J. van Lunzen, G. Lewis, V. S. Kalyanaraman, R. C. Gallo, and P. Racz (2005)
PNAS 102, 14807-14812
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genomic RNA Sequences in the Female Genital Tract and Blood: Compartmentalization and Intrapatient Recombination.
S. Philpott, H. Burger, C. Tsoukas, B. Foley, K. Anastos, C. Kitchen, and B. Weiser (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 353-363
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Compartmentalization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 between Blood Monocytes and CD4+ T Cells during Infection.
J. A. Fulcher, Y. Hwangbo, R. Zioni, D. Nickle, X. Lin, L. Heath, J. I. Mullins, L. Corey, and T. Zhu (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 7883-7893
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV-1 Tat enhances Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infectivity.
Y. Aoki and G. Tosato (2004)
Blood 104, 810-814
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Roles of substrate availability and infection of resting and activated CD4+ T cells in transmission and acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection.
Z.-Q. Zhang, S. W. Wietgrefe, Q. Li, M. D. Shore, L. Duan, C. Reilly, J. D. Lifson, and A. T. Haase (2004)
PNAS 101, 5640-5645
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Continued Production of Drug-Sensitive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Children on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Who Have Undetectable Viral Loads.
D. Persaud, G. K. Siberry, A. Ahonkhai, J. Kajdas, D. Monie, N. Hutton, D. C. Watson, T. C. Quinn, S. C. Ray, and R. F. Siliciano (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 968-979
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Macrophage HIV-1 infection and the gastrointestinal tract reservoir.
P. D. Smith, G. Meng, J. F. Salazar-Gonzalez, and G. M. Shaw (2003)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 74, 642-649
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The contribution of monocyte infection and trafficking to viral persistence, and maintenance of the viral reservoir in HIV infection.
S. Crowe, T. Zhu, and W. A. Muller (2003)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 74, 635-641
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV-1 in genital tract and plasma of women: Compartmentalization of viral sequences, coreceptor usage, and glycosylation.
K. S. Kemal, B. Foley, H. Burger, K. Anastos, H. Minkoff, C. Kitchen, S. M. Philpott, W. Gao, E. Robison, S. Holman, et al. (2003)
PNAS 100, 12972-12977
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CSF-induced and HIV-1-mediated Distinct Regulation of Hck and C/EBP{beta} Represent a Heterogeneous Susceptibility of Monocyte-derived Macrophages to M-tropic HIV-1 Infection.
I. Komuro, Y. Yokota, S. Yasuda, A. Iwamoto, and K. S. Kagawa (2003)
J. Exp. Med. 198, 443-453
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Short-Term Effect of Zidovudine on Plasma and Genital Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Viral Turnover in These Compartments.
D. Mbori-Ngacha, B. A. Richardson, J. Overbaugh, D. D. Panteleeff, R. Nduati, M. Steele, and G. John-Stewart (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 7702-7705
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Heterogeneous clearance rates of long-lived lymphocytes infected with HIV: Intrinsic stability predicts lifelong persistence.
M. C. Strain, H. F. Gunthard, D. V. Havlir, C. C. Ignacio, D. M. Smith, A. J. Leigh-Brown, T. R. Macaranas, R. Y. Lam, O. A. Daly, M. Fischer, et al. (2003)
PNAS 100, 4819-4824
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Turnover Rates of B Cells, T Cells, and NK Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected and Uninfected Rhesus Macaques.
R. J. De Boer, H. Mohri, D. D. Ho, and A. S. Perelson (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 2479-2487
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Latency in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection: No Easy Answers.
D. Persaud, Y. Zhou, J. M. Siliciano, and R. F. Siliciano (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 1659-1665
   Full Text »    PDF »
In a Subset of Subjects on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma Decays from 50 to <5 Copies per Milliliter, with a Half-Life of 6 Months.
M. Di Mascio, G. Dornadula, H. Zhang, J. Sullivan, Y. Xu, J. Kulkosky, R. J. Pomerantz, and A. S. Perelson (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 2271-2275
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Follicular Dendritic Cell-Mediated Up-Regulation of CXCR4 Expression on CD4 T Cells and HIV Pathogenesis.
J. D. Estes, B. F. Keele, K. Tenner-Racz, P. Racz, M. A. Redd, T. C. Thacker, Y. Jiang, M. J. Lloyd, S. Gartner, and G. F. Burton (2002)
J. Immunol. 169, 2313-2322
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Antiretroviral Drugs on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Induced CD4+ T-Cell Death.
J. Estaquier, J.-D. Lelievre, F. Petit, T. Brunner, L. Moutouh-de Parseval, D. D. Richman, J. C. Ameisen, and J. Corbeil (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 5966-5973
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Liver Is a Major Organ for Clearing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Rhesus Monkeys.
L. Zhang, P. J. Dailey, A. Gettie, J. Blanchard, and D. D. Ho (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 5271-5273
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication In Vivo in CD14+ Monocytes and Its Potential Role as a Source of Virus in Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
T. Zhu, D. Muthui, S. Holte, D. Nickle, F. Feng, S. Brodie, Y. Hwangbo, J. I. Mullins, and L. Corey (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 707-716
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynamics of Persistent TT Virus Infection, as Determined in Patients Treated with Alpha Interferon for Concomitant Hepatitis C Virus Infection.
F. Maggi, M. Pistello, M. Vatteroni, S. Presciuttini, S. Marchi, P. Isola, C. Fornai, S. Fagnani, E. Andreoli, G. Antonelli, et al. (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 11999-12004
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of Cell Death in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macrophages and Resting Memory CD4 T Cells by TRAIL/Apo2L.
J. J. Lum, A. A. Pilon, J. Sanchez-Dardon, B. N. Phenix, J. E. Kim, J. Mihowich, K. Jamison, N. Hawley-Foss, D. H. Lynch, and A. D. Badley (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 11128-11136
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In Vitro Human Immunodeficiency Virus Eradication by Autologous CD8+ T Cells Expanded with Inactivated-Virus-Pulsed Dendritic Cells.
W. Lu and J.-M. Andrieu (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 8949-8956
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhanced Dendritic Cell-Driven Proliferation and Anti-HIV Activity of CD8+ T Cells by a New Phenothiazine Derivative, Aminoperazine.
W. Lu, A. Achour, M. Arlie, L. Cao, and J.-M. Andrieu (2001)
J. Immunol. 167, 2929-2935
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Release of Virus from Lymphoid Tissue Affects Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Hepatitis C Virus Kinetics in the Blood.
V. Müller, A. F. M. Marée, and R. J. De Boer (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 2597-2603
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Persistence of Infectious HIV on Follicular Dendritic Cells.
B. A. Smith, S. Gartner, Y. Liu, A. S. Perelson, N. I. Stilianakis, B. F. Keele, T. M. Kerkering, A. Ferreira-Gonzalez, A. K. Szakal, J. G. Tew, et al. (2001)
J. Immunol. 166, 690-696
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hematologic Aspects of HIV/AIDS.
A. M. Levine, D. T. Scadden, J. A. Zaia, and A. Krishnan (2001)
Hematology 2001, 463-478
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Highly restricted spread of HIV-1 and multiply infected cells within splenic germinal centers.
S. Gratton, R. Cheynier, M.-J. Dumaurier, E. Oksenhendler, and S. Wain-Hobson (2000)
PNAS 97, 14566-14571
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An In Vitro Rapid-Turnover Assay for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Selects for Cell-to-Cell Spread of Virus.
S. Gummuluru, C. M. Kinsey, and M. Emerman (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 10882-10891
   Abstract »    Full Text »
The Double-Edged Ocular Immune Response: The Cogan Lecture.
S. M. Whitcup (2000)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 3243-3248
   Full Text »
Nonlymphoid reservoirs of HIV replication in children with chronic-progressive disease.
S. J. Brodie (2000)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 68, 351-359
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biological parameters of HIV-1 infection in primary intestinal lymphocytes and macrophages.
P. D. Smith, G. Meng, M. T. Sellers, T. S. Rogers, and G. M. Shaw (2000)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 68, 360-365
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Detachment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from Germinal Centers by Blocking Complement Receptor Type 2.
L. Kacani, W. M. Prodinger, G. M. Sprinzl, M. G. Schwendinger, M. Spruth, H. Stoiber, S. Döpper, S. Steinhuber, F. Steindl, and M. P. Dierich (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 7997-8002
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Dynamics of HIV-Specific CD8+ T Lymphocytes with Changes in Viral Load.
L. Mollet, T.-S. Li, A. Samri, C. Tournay, R. Tubiana, V. Calvez, P. Debre, C. Katlama, and B. Autran (2000)
J. Immunol. 165, 1692-1704
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV protease inhibitors restore impaired T-cell proliferative response in vivo and in vitro: a viral-suppression-independent mechanism.
W. Lu and J.-M. Andrieu (2000)
Blood 96, 250-258
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Treatment-Induced Decline of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 p24 and HIV-1 RNA in Lymphoid Tissue of Patients with Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection.
H. Kuster, M. Opravil, P. Ott, E. Schlaepfer, M. Fischer, H. F. Gunthard, R. Luthy, R. Weber, and R. W. Cone (2000)
Am. J. Pathol. 156, 1973-1986
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA originates from both local CNS and systemic sources.
R. J. Ellis, A. C. Gamst, E. Capparelli, S. A. Spector, K. Hsia, T. Wolfson, I. Abramson, I. Grant, and J. A. McCutchan (2000)
Neurology 54, 927-936
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Case for More Cautious, Patient-Focused Antiretroviral Therapy.
K. Henry (2000)
Ann Intern Med 132, 306-311
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
S. M. Whitcup (2000)
JAMA 283, 653-657
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Evaluation of Two Branched-DNA Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Quantification Assays with Lower Detection Limits of 50 and 500 Copies per Milliliter.
C. Manegold, C. Krempe, H. Jablonowski, L. Kajala, M. Dietrich, and O. Adams (2000)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 914-917
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Effects of recombinant ovine interferon-{tau} on ovine lentivirus replication and progression of disease.
R. A. Juste, T. L. Ott, J. Kwang, F. W. Bazer, and A. de la Concha-Bermejillo (2000)
J. Gen. Virol. 81, 525-532
   Abstract »    Full Text »
A Tale of Two Futures: HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy in San Francisco.
S. M. Blower, H. B. Gershengorn, and R. M. Grant (2000)
Science 287, 650-654
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Dissociation of HIV-1 from follicular dendritic cells during HAART: Mathematical analysis.
W. S. Hlavacek, C. Wofsy, and A. S. Perelson (1999)
PNAS 96, 14681-14686
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antigen-driven CD4+ T cell and HIV-1 dynamics: Residual viral replication under highly active antiretroviral therapy.
N. M. Ferguson, F. deWolf, A. C. Ghani, C. Fraser, C. A. Donnelly, P. Reiss, J. M. A. Lange, S. A. Danner, G. P. Garnett, J. Goudsmit, et al. (1999)
PNAS 96, 15167-15172
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Residual HIV-1 RNA in Blood Plasma of Patients Taking Suppressive Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
G. Dornadula, H. Zhang, B. VanUitert, J. Stern, L. Livornese Jr, M. J. Ingerman, J. Witek, R. J. Kedanis, J. Natkin, J. DeSimone, et al. (1999)
JAMA 282, 1627-1632
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolution of Envelope Sequences of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Cellular Reservoirs in the Setting of Potent Antiviral Therapy.
H. F. Gunthard, S. D. W. Frost, A. J. Leigh-Brown, C. C. Ignacio, K. Kee, A. S. Perelson, C. A. Spina, D. V. Havlir, M. Hezareh, D. J. Looney, et al. (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 9404-9412
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Markers of Lymphocyte Homing Distinguish CD4 T Cell Subsets That Turn Over in Response to HIV-1 Infection in Humans.
R. L. Hengel, B. M. Jones, M. S. Kennedy, M. R. Hubbard, and J. S. McDougal (1999)
J. Immunol. 163, 3539-3548
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antiretroviral-Drug Concentrations in Semen: Implications for Sexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
A. D. M. Kashuba, J. R. Dyer, L. M. Kramer, R. H. Raasch, J. J. Eron, and M. S. Cohen (1999)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 1817-1826
   Full Text »
Level of Human Immunodeficiency Virus DNA in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Correlates with Efficacy of Antiretroviral Therapy.
J. L. McDermott, A. A. Giri, I. Martini, M. Bono, M. Giacomini, A. Campelli, L. Tagliaferro, A. Cara, and O. E. Varnier (1999)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 2361-2365
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Persistence of HIV-1 Transcription in Peripheral-Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients Receiving Potent Antiretroviral Therapy.
M. R. Furtado, D. S. Callaway, J. P. Phair, K. J. Kunstman, J. L. Stanton, C. A. Macken, A. S. Perelson, and S. M. Wolinsky (1999)
N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 1614-1622
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Residual HIV-1 Disease in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
R. J. Pomerantz (1999)
N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 1672-1674
   Full Text »
Constant Mean Viral Copy Number per Infected Cell in Tissues Regardless of High, Low, or Undetectable Plasma HIV RNA.
R. D. Hockett, J. Michael Kilby, C. A. Derdeyn, M. S. Saag, M. Sillers, K. Squires, S. Chiz, M. A. Nowak, G. M. Shaw, and R. P. Bucy (1999)
J. Exp. Med. 189, 1545-1554
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Highly Sensitive Methods for Quantitation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA from Plasma, Cells, and Tissues.
M. Fischer, W. Huber, A. Kallivroussis, P. Ott, M. Opravil, R. Lüthy, R. Weber, and R. W. Cone (1999)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 1260-1264
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Reversibility of the pathological changes in the follicular dendritic cell network with treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Z.-Q. Zhang, T. Schuler, W. Cavert, D. W. Notermans, K. Gebhard, K. Henry, D. V. Havlir, H. F. Gunthard, J. K. Wong, S. Little, et al. (1999)
PNAS 96, 5169-5172
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid Clearance of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Particles from Plasma of Rhesus Macaques.
L. Zhang, P. J. Dailey, T. He, A. Gettie, S. Bonhoeffer, A. S. Perelson, and D. D. Ho (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 855-860
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the Semen of Men Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
H. Zhang, G. Dornadula, M. Beumont, L. Livornese, B. Van Uitert, K. Henning, and R. J. Pomerantz (1998)
N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1803-1809
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Potential for the Transmission of HIV-1 despite Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
A. T. Haase and T. W. Schacker (1998)
N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1846-1848
   Full Text »
Early physiological abnormalities after simian immunodeficiency virus infection.
T. F. W. Horn, S. Huitron-Resendiz, M. R. Weed, S. J. Henriksen, and H. S. Fox (1998)
PNAS 95, 15072-15077
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immunophenotypic Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Undergoing In Vitro Apoptosis After Isolation From Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children.
T. W. McCloskey, S. Bakshi, S. Than, P. Arman, and S. Pahwa (1998)
Blood 92, 4230-4237
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Science, medicine, and the future: Infection with HIV-1.
B. S Graham (1998)
BMJ 317, 1297-1301
   Full Text »
Maintenance Antiretroviral Therapies in HIV-Infected Subjects with Undetectable Plasma HIV RNA after Triple-Drug Therapy.
D. V. Havlir, I. C. Marschner, M. S. Hirsch, A. C. Collier, P. Tebas, R. L. Bassett, J. P.A. Ioannidis, M.K. Holohan, R. Leavitt, G. Boone, et al. (1998)
N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1261-1268
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection.
J. O. Kahn and B. D. Walker (1998)
N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 33-39
   Full Text »    PDF »
A National Tissue Bank to Track HIV Eradication and Immune Reconstitution.
W. Cavert and A. T. Haase (1998)
Science 280, 1865-1866
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Toward HIV Eradication or Remission: The Tasks Ahead.
D. D. Ho (1998)
Science 280, 1866-1867
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Effectiveness of Postinoculation (R)-9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxypropyl)Adenine Treatment for Prevention of Persistent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmne Infection Depends Critically on Timing of Initiation and Duration of Treatment.
C.-C. Tsai, P. Emau, K. E. Follis, T. W. Beck, R. E. Benveniste, N. Bischofberger, J. D. Lifson, and W. R. Morton (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 4265-4273
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Persistent Antibody Responses but Declining Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses to Multiple Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antigens in a Long-Term Nonprogressing Individual with a Defective p17 Proviral Sequence and No Detectable Viral RNA Expression.
J. M. Binley, X. Jin, Y. Huang, L. Zhang, Y. Cao, D. D. Ho, and J. P. Moore (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 3472-3474
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Strategies of Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults.
J. A. Bartlett (1998)
Oncologist 3, 111-118
   Abstract »    Full Text »
The Unenlarged Lymph Nodes of HIV-1-infected, Asymptomatic Patients with High CD4 T Cell Counts Are Sites for Virus Replication and CD4 T Cell Proliferation. The Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
K. Tenner-Racz, H.-J. Stellbrink, J. van Lunzen, C. Schneider, J.-P. Jacobs, B. Raschdorff, G. Grossschupff, R. M. Steinman, and P. Racz (1998)
J. Exp. Med. 187, 949-959
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication and Genotypic Resistance in Blood and Lymph Nodes after a Year of Potent Antiretroviral Therapy.
H. F. Gunthard, J. K. Wong, C. C. Ignacio, J. C. Guatelli, N. L. Riggs, D. V. Havlir, and D. D. Richman (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 2422-2428
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetics of CD4+ T cell repopulation of lymphoid tissues after treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Z.-Q. Zhang, D. W. Notermans, G. Sedgewick, W. Cavert, S. Wietgrefe, M. Zupancic, K. Gebhard, K. Henry, L. Boies, Z. Chen, et al. (1998)
PNAS 95, 1154-1159
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Presence of an inducible HIV-1 latent reservoir during highly active antiretroviral therapy.
T.-W. Chun, L. Stuyver, S. B. Mizell, L. A. Ehler, J. A. M. Mican, M. Baseler, A. L. Lloyd, M. A. Nowak, and A. S. Fauci (1997)
PNAS 94, 13193-13197
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Targeting of HIV- and SIV-Infected Cells by CD4-Chemokine Receptor Pseudotypes.
M. J. Endres, S. Jaffer, B. Haggarty, J. D. Turner, B. J. Doranz, P. J. O'Brien, D. L. Kolson, and J. A. Hoxie (1997)
Science 278, 1462-1464
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Identification of a Reservoir for HIV-1 in Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
D. Finzi, M. Hermankova, T. Pierson, L. M. Carruth, C. Buck, R. E. Chaisson, T. C. Quinn, K. Chadwick, J. Margolick, R. Brookmeyer, et al. (1997)
Science 278, 1295-1300
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Reduction of HIV-1 in blood and lymph nodes following potent antiretroviral therapy and the virologic correlates of treatment failure.
J. K. Wong, H. F. Gunthard, D. V. Havlir, Z.-Q. Zhang, A. T. Haase, C. C. Ignacio, S. Kwok, E. Emini, and D. D. Richman (1997)
PNAS 94, 12574-12579
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Viral Load in Lymphoid Tissue Following Triple Antiretroviral Therapy.
(1997)
AIDS Clinical Care 1997, 4
   Full Text »
LYMPHOID-TISSUE HIV RESPONDS TO COMBINATION THERAPY.
(1997)
Journal Watch (General) 1997, 2
   Full Text »
Influence of follicular dendritic cells on decay of HIV during antiretroviral therapy.
W. S. Hlavacek, N. I. Stilianakis, D. W. Notermans, S. A. Danner, and A. S. Perelson (2000)
PNAS 97, 10966-10971
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)