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Science 31 January 1997:
Vol. 275. no. 5300, pp. 628 - 630
DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5300.628
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Perspectives

Brian A. Hemmings

Many growth factors exert their effects on cells by simulating intracellular kinases, which add phosphate groups to proteins. Two reports on p. 661 and p. 665 of this week's issue implicate the oncogenic kinase Akt in IGF-1-mediated neuronal survival (Dudek et al.) and show how lipids can regulate the activity of Akt (Franke et al.). In his Perspective, Hemmings discusses these results and several other recent reports about Akt and its unique mode of activation by phospholipids.

The author is at the Friedrich Miescher Institute, Post Office Box 2543, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. E-mail: hemmings{at}fmi.ch

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N. M. Conus, K. M. Hannan, B. E. Cristiano, B. A. Hemmings, and R. B. Pearson (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 38021-38028
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Celecoxib Induces Apoptosis by Inhibiting 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent Protein Kinase-1 Activity in the Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cell Line.
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J. Biol. Chem. 277, 27613-27621
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AKT/PKB Phosphorylation of p21Cip/WAF1 Enhances Protein Stability of p21Cip/WAF1 and Promotes Cell Survival.
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J. Biol. Chem. 277, 11352-11361
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G. Kunstle, J. Laine, G. Pierron, S.-i. Kagami, H. Nakajima, F. Hoh, C. Roumestand, M.-H. Stern, and M. Noguchi (2002)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 1513-1525
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J. Biol. Chem. 277, 5484-5489
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Heregulin-dependent Activation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase and Akt via the ErbB2/ErbB3 Co-receptor.
N. J. Hellyer, M.-S. Kim, and J. G. Koland (2001)
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H. Nakamura, J. Zarycki, J. L. Sullivan, and J. U. Jung (2001)
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J. Exp. Med. 193, 545-550
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W.-Z. Zhu, M. Zheng, W. J. Koch, R. J. Lefkowitz, B. K. Kobilka, and R.-P. Xiao (2001)
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TAK1 regulates multiple protein kinase cascades activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
J. Lee, L. Mira-Arbibe, and R. J. Ulevitch (2000)
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J. Neurosci. 20, 7228-7237
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Modulation of Protein Kinase Activity and Gene Expression by Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Role in Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology.
K. K. Griendling, D. Sorescu, B. Lassegue, and M. Ushio-Fukai (2000)
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20, 2175-2183
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Akt-Dependent Cytokine Production in Mast Cells.
J. Kitaura, K. Asai, M. Maeda-Yamamoto, Y. Kawakami, U. Kikkawa, and T. Kawakami (2000)
J. Exp. Med. 192, 729-740
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NO regulates PDGF-induced activation of PKB but not ERK in A7r5 cells: implications for vascular growth arrest.
L. Sandirasegarane, R. Charles, N. Bourbon, and M. Kester (2000)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279, C225-C235
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Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Part 2: Control of Cell Death.
B. Wolozin and C. Behl (2000)
Arch Neurol 57, 801-804
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A Role for Phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3{alpha} in Bovine Sperm Motility Regulation.
S. Vijayaraghavan, J. Mohan, H. Gray, B. Khatra, and D. W. Carr (2000)
Biol Reprod 62, 1647-1654
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Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 3B Is a Downstream Target of Protein Kinase B and May Be Involved in Regulation of Effects of Protein Kinase B on Thymidine Incorporation in FDCP2 Cells.
F. Ahmad, L.-N. Cong, L. Stenson Holst, L.-M. Wang, T. Rahn Landstrom, J. H. Pierce, M. J. Quon, E. Degerman, and V. C. Manganiello (2000)
J. Immunol. 164, 4678-4688
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Cyclic Nucleotides Suppress Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha -Mediated Apoptosis by Inhibiting Caspase Activation and Cytochrome c Release in Primary Hepatocytes via a Mechanism Independent of Akt Activation.
J. Li, S. Yang, and T. R. Billiar (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 13026-13034
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Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3beta in Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Trophic Withdrawal.
M. Hetman, J. E. Cavanaugh, D. Kimelman, and Z. Xia (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 2567-2574
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Impaired Kit- but Not Fcepsilon RI-initiated Mast Cell Activation in the Absence of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase p85alpha Gene Products.
J. M. Lu-Kuo, D. A. Fruman, D. M. Joyal, L. C. Cantley, and H. R. Katz (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 6022-6029
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Blocking the Common {gamma}-Chain of Cytokine Receptors Induces T Cell Apoptosis and Long-Term Islet Allograft Survival.
X. C. Li, A. Ima, Y. Li, X. X. Zheng, T. R. Malek, and T. B. Strom (2000)
J. Immunol. 164, 1193-1199
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Requirement for nitric oxide activation of p21ras/extracellular regulated kinase in neuronal ischemic preconditioning.
M. Gonzalez-Zulueta, A. B. Feldman, L. J. Klesse, R. G. Kalb, J. F. Dillman, L. F. Parada, T. M. Dawson, and V. L. Dawson (2000)
PNAS 97, 436-441
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IRS-4 Mediates Protein Kinase B Signaling during Insulin Stimulation without Promoting Antiapoptosis.
T. Uchida, M. G. Myers Jr., and M. F. White (2000)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 126-138
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Functional Analysis of a Single Chain Chimeric alpha /beta -Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Receptor. IMPORTANCE OF A GLUTAMATE RESIDUE IN THE TRANSMEMBRANE REGION.
S. Kafert, S. Luther, I. Boll, K. Wagner, A. Ganser, and M. Eder (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 33064-33071
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Regulation of nuclear translocation of Forkhead transcription factor AFX by protein kinase B.
H. Takaishi, H. Konishi, H. Matsuzaki, Y. Ono, Y. Shirai, N. Saito, T. Kitamura, W. Ogawa, M. Kasuga, U. Kikkawa, et al. (1999)
PNAS 96, 11836-11841
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SHP-1 Regulates Lck-induced Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Phosphorylation and Activity.
B. Cuevas, Y. Lu, S. Watt, R. Kumar, J. Zhang, K. A. Siminovitch, and G. B. Mills (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 27583-27589
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The Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase TCPTP Regulates Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-mediated and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-dependent Signaling.
T. Tiganis, B. E. Kemp, and N. K. Tonks (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 27768-27775
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Insulin-Induced Phosphorylation and Activation of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 3B by the Serine-Threonine Kinase Akt.
T. Kitamura, Y. Kitamura, S. Kuroda, Y. Hino, M. Ando, K. Kotani, H. Konishi, H. Matsuzaki, U. Kikkawa, W. Ogawa, et al. (1999)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 6286-6296
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Cripto-1 Induces Phosphatidylinositol 3'-Kinase-dependent Phosphorylation of AKT and Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3{beta} in Human Cervical Carcinoma Cells.
A. D. Ebert, C. Wechselberger, S. Frank, B. Wallace-Jones, M. Seno, I. Martinez-Lacaci, C. Bianco, M. De Santis, H. K. Weitzel, and D. S. Salomon (1999)
Cancer Res. 59, 4502-4505
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Intracellular Movement of Green Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Response to Growth Factor Receptor Signaling.
H. Gillham, M. C.H.M. Golding, R. Pepperkok, and W. J. Gullick (1999)
J. Cell Biol. 146, 869-880
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Differentiation-dependent Suppression of Platelet-derived Growth Factor Signaling in Cultured Adipocytes.
S. A. Summers, E. L. Whiteman, H. Cho, L. Lipfert, and M. J. Birnbaum (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 23858-23867
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