Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 8 November 1996:
Vol. 274. no. 5289, pp. 985 - 989
DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5289.985
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Quantitative Image Analysis of HIV-1 Infection in Lymphoid Tissue

Ashley T. Haase, * Keith Henry, Mary Zupancic, Gerald Sedgewick, Russell A. Faust, Holly Melroe, Winston Cavert, Kristin Gebhard, Katherine Staskus, Zhi-Qiang Zhang, Peter J. Dailey, Henry H. Balfour Jr., Alejo Erice, Alan S. Perelson

Tracking human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection at the cellular level in tissue reservoirs provides opportunities to better understand the pathogenesis of infection and to rationally design and monitor therapy. A quantitative technique was developed to determine viral burden in two important cellular compartments in lymphoid tissues. Image analysis and in situ hybridization were combined to show that in the presymptomatic stages of infection there is a large, relatively stable pool of virions on the surfaces of follicular dendritic cells and a smaller pool of productively infected cells. Despite evidence of constraints on HIV-1 replication in the infected cell population in lymphoid tissues, estimates of the numbers of these cells and the virus they could produce are consistent with the quantities of virus that have been detected in the bloodstream. The cellular sources of virus production and storage in lymphoid tissues can now be studied with this approach over the course of infection and treatment.

A. T. Haase, M. Zupancic, W. Cavert, K. Gebhard, K. Staskus, Z.-Q. Zhang, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
K. Henry and H. Melroe, HIV Program, St. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center, St. Paul, MN 55101, USA, and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
G. Sedgewick, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
R. A. Faust, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
P. J. Dailey, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
H. H. Balfour Jr. and A. Erice, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
A. S. Perelson, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Triggering TLR7 in mice induces immune activation and lymphoid system disruption, resembling HIV-mediated pathology.
S. Baenziger, M. Heikenwalder, P. Johansen, E. Schlaepfer, U. Hofer, R. C. Miller, S. Diemand, K. Honda, T. M. Kundig, A. Aguzzi, et al. (2009)
Blood 113, 377-388
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Follicular Dendritic Cells and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcription in CD4+ T Cells.
T. C. Thacker, X. Zhou, J. D. Estes, Y. Jiang, B. F. Keele, T. S. Elton, and G. F. Burton (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 150-158
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recombination increases human immunodeficiency virus fitness, but not necessarily diversity.
N. N. V. Vijay, Vasantika, R. Ajmani, A. S. Perelson, and N. M. Dixit (2008)
J. Gen. Virol. 89, 1467-1477
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Psychosocial Influences on HIV-1 Disease Progression: Neural, Endocrine, and Virologic Mechanisms.
S. W. Cole (2008)
Psychosom Med 70, 562-568
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of the Follicular Dendritic Cell Reservoir of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
B. F. Keele, L. Tazi, S. Gartner, Y. Liu, T. B. Burgon, J. D. Estes, T. C. Thacker, K. A. Crandall, J. C. McArthur, and G. F. Burton (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 5548-5561
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Determination of virus burst size in vivo using a single-cycle SIV in rhesus macaques.
H. Y. Chen, M. Di Mascio, A. S. Perelson, D. D. Ho, and L. Zhang (2007)
PNAS 104, 19079-19084
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Study of Methods for Detecting Sequence Compartmentalization in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
S. Zarate, S. L. K. Pond, P. Shapshak, and S. D. W. Frost (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 6643-6651
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhanced Replication of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in T Cells from Transgenic Rats Expressing Human CRM1 That Is Regulated in a Natural Manner.
R. Takayanagi, T. Ohashi, E. Yamashita, Y. Kurosaki, K. Tanaka, Y. Hakata, Y. Komoda, S. Ikeda, Y. Tsunetsugu-Yokota, Y. Tanaka, et al. (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 5908-5918
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In vivo CD8+ T cell control of immunodeficiency virus infection in humans and macaques.
B. Asquith and A. R. McLean (2007)
PNAS 104, 6365-6370
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Understanding the Failure of CD8+ T-Cell Vaccination against Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
R. J. De Boer (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 2838-2848
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Duration of Exposure to HIV Modulates the Breadth and the Magnitude of HIV-Specific Memory CD4+ T Cells.
S.-A. Younes, L. Trautmann, B. Yassine-Diab, L. H. Kalfayan, A.-E. Kernaleguen, T. O. Cameron, R. Boulassel, L. J. Stern, J.-P. Routy, Z. Grossman, et al. (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 788-797
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of the tonsil cytokine milieu favors HIV susceptibility.
N. M. Moutsopoulos, N. Vazquez, T. Greenwell-Wild, I. Ecevit, J. Horn, J. Orenstein, and S. M. Wahl (2006)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 80, 1145-1155
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Predictive value of plasma HIV RNA level on rate of CD4 T-cell decline in untreated HIV infection..
B. Rodriguez, A. K. Sethi, V. K. Cheruvu, W. Mackay, R. J. Bosch, M. Kitahata, S. L. Boswell, W. C. Mathews, D. R. Bangsberg, J. Martin, et al. (2006)
JAMA 296, 1498-1506
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles present within splenic germinal centres are produced locally.
M.-J. Dumaurier, S. Gratton, S. Wain-Hobson, and R. Cheynier (2005)
J. Gen. Virol. 86, 3369-3373
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
TaqMan Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR and JDVp26 Antigen Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay To Quantify Jembrana Disease Virus Load during the Acute Phase of In Vivo Infection.
M. Stewart, M. Desport, N. Hartaningsih, and G. Wilcox (2005)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 5574-5580
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stochastic Interplay between Mutation and Recombination during the Acquisition of Drug Resistance Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
C. L. Althaus and S. Bonhoeffer (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 13572-13578
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The role of mutation accumulation in HIV progression.
A. P Galvani (2005)
Proc R Soc B 272, 1851-1858
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV dynamics with multiple infections of target cells.
N. M. Dixit and A. S. Perelson (2005)
PNAS 102, 8198-8203
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lymphotoxin-{beta} Receptor-Dependent Genes in Lymph Node and Follicular Dendritic Cell Transcriptomes.
C. Huber, C. Thielen, H. Seeger, P. Schwarz, F. Montrasio, M. R. Wilson, E. Heinen, Y.-X. Fu, G. Miele, and A. Aguzzi (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 5526-5536
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Robust Measure of HIV-1 Population Turnover Within Chronically Infected Individuals.
G. Achaz, S. Palmer, M. Kearney, F. Maldarelli, J. W. Mellors, J. M. Coffin, and J. Wakeley (2004)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 1902-1912
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD4+ T Cell Depletion during all Stages of HIV Disease Occurs Predominantly in the Gastrointestinal Tract.
J. M. Brenchley, T. W. Schacker, L. E. Ruff, D. A. Price, J. H. Taylor, G. J. Beilman, P. L. Nguyen, A. Khoruts, M. Larson, A. T. Haase, et al. (2004)
J. Exp. Med. 200, 749-759
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetics of Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells and the Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
M. P. Davenport, R. M. Ribeiro, and A. S. Perelson (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 10096-10103
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Roles of Target Cells and Virus-Specific Cellular Immunity in Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
R. R. Regoes, R. Antia, D. A. Garber, G. Silvestri, M. B. Feinberg, and S. I. Staprans (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 4866-4875
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Macrophage HIV-1 infection and the gastrointestinal tract reservoir.
P. D. Smith, G. Meng, J. F. Salazar-Gonzalez, and G. M. Shaw (2003)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 74, 642-649
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Theoretical Design of a Gene Therapy To Prevent AIDS but Not Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection.
L. S. Weinberger, D. V. Schaffer, and A. P. Arkin (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 10028-10036
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynamics of Hepatitis C Virus Replication in Human Liver.
M. Chang, O. Williams, J. Mittler, A. Quintanilla, R. L. Carithers Jr., J. Perkins, L. Corey, and D. R. Gretch (2003)
Am. J. Pathol. 163, 433-444
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Turnover Rates of B Cells, T Cells, and NK Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected and Uninfected Rhesus Macaques.
R. J. De Boer, H. Mohri, D. D. Ho, and A. S. Perelson (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 2479-2487
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mamu-A*01 Allele-Mediated Attenuation of Disease Progression in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
Z.-Q. Zhang, T.-M. Fu, D. R. Casimiro, M.-E. Davies, X. Liang, W. A. Schleif, L. Handt, L. Tussey, M. Chen, A. Tang, et al. (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 12845-12854
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mucosal Plasma Cell Repertoire During HIV-1 Infection.
R. W. Scamurra, D. B. Nelson, X. M. Lin, D. J. Miller, G. J. Silverman, T. Kappel, J. R. Thurn, E. Lorenz, A. Kulkarni-Narla, and E. N. Janoff (2002)
J. Immunol. 169, 4008-4016
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immunohistochemical Localization of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Using Native Species Antibodies.
A. B. Rogers, C. K. Mathiason, and E. A. Hoover (2002)
Am. J. Pathol. 161, 1143-1151
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Presence of Host ICAM-1 in Laboratory and Clinical Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Increases Virus Infectivity and CD4+-T-Cell Depletion in Human Lymphoid Tissue, a Major Site of Replication In Vivo.
S. Bounou, J. E. Leclerc, and M. J. Tremblay (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 1004-1014
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of Cell Death in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macrophages and Resting Memory CD4 T Cells by TRAIL/Apo2L.
J. J. Lum, A. A. Pilon, J. Sanchez-Dardon, B. N. Phenix, J. E. Kim, J. Mihowich, K. Jamison, N. Hawley-Foss, D. H. Lynch, and A. D. Badley (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 11128-11136
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impaired response to HAART in HIV-infected individuals with high autonomic nervous system activity.
S. W. Cole, B. D. Naliboff, M. E. Kemeny, M. P. Griswold, J. L. Fahey, and J. A. Zack (2001)
PNAS 98, 12695-12700
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dressed to kill? A review of why antiviral CD8 T lymphocytes fail to prevent progressive immunodeficiency in HIV-1 infection.
J. Lieberman, P. Shankar, N. Manjunath, and J. Andersson (2001)
Blood 98, 1667-1677
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
2000 Fleming Lecture. The origin and evolution of hepatitis viruses in humans.
P. Simmonds (2001)
J. Gen. Virol. 82, 693-712
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Release of Virus from Lymphoid Tissue Affects Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Hepatitis C Virus Kinetics in the Blood.
V. Müller, A. F. M. Marée, and R. J. De Boer (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 2597-2603
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Transition between Stochastic Evolution and Deterministic Evolution in the Presence of Selection: General Theory and Application to Virology.
I. M. Rouzine, A. Rodrigo, and J. M. Coffin (2001)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65, 151-185
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Persistence of Infectious HIV on Follicular Dendritic Cells.
B. A. Smith, S. Gartner, Y. Liu, A. S. Perelson, N. I. Stilianakis, B. F. Keele, T. M. Kerkering, A. Ferreira-Gonzalez, A. K. Szakal, J. G. Tew, et al. (2001)
J. Immunol. 166, 690-696
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Highly restricted spread of HIV-1 and multiply infected cells within splenic germinal centers.
S. Gratton, R. Cheynier, M.-J. Dumaurier, E. Oksenhendler, and S. Wain-Hobson (2000)
PNAS 97, 14566-14571
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An In Vitro Rapid-Turnover Assay for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Selects for Cell-to-Cell Spread of Virus.
S. Gummuluru, C. M. Kinsey, and M. Emerman (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 10882-10891
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Coinfection of SCID-hu Thy/Liv Mice with Human Herpesvirus 6 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
A. Gobbi, C. A. Stoddart, G. Locatelli, F. Santoro, C. Bare, V. Linquist-Stepps, M. E. Moreno, N. W. Abbey, B. G. Herndier, M. S. Malnati, et al. (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 8726-8731
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Biological parameters of HIV-1 infection in primary intestinal lymphocytes and macrophages.
P. D. Smith, G. Meng, M. T. Sellers, T. S. Rogers, and G. M. Shaw (2000)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 68, 360-365
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Detachment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from Germinal Centers by Blocking Complement Receptor Type 2.
L. Kacani, W. M. Prodinger, G. M. Sprinzl, M. G. Schwendinger, M. Spruth, H. Stoiber, S. Döpper, S. Steinhuber, F. Steindl, and M. P. Dierich (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 7997-8002
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Treatment-Induced Decline of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 p24 and HIV-1 RNA in Lymphoid Tissue of Patients with Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection.
H. Kuster, M. Opravil, P. Ott, E. Schlaepfer, M. Fischer, H. F. Gunthard, R. Luthy, R. Weber, and R. W. Cone (2000)
Am. J. Pathol. 156, 1973-1986
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid Shift from Virally Infected Cells to Germinal Center-Retained Virus after HIV-2 Infection of Macaques.
F. Eitner, Y. Cui, G. Grouard-Vogel, K. L. Hudkins, A. Schmidt, T. Birkebak, M. B. Agy, S.-L. Hu, W. R. Morton, D. M. Anderson, et al. (2000)
Am. J. Pathol. 156, 1197-1207
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Superfibronectin, a Multimeric Form of Fibronectin, Increases HIV Infection of Primary CD4+ T Lymphocytes.
M. C. Tellier, G. Greco, M. Klotman, A. Mosoian, A. Cara, W. Arap, E. Ruoslahti, R. Pasqualini, and L. M. Schnapp (2000)
J. Immunol. 164, 3236-3245
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Case for More Cautious, Patient-Focused Antiretroviral Therapy.
K. Henry (2000)
Ann Intern Med 132, 306-311
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PCR-derived ssDNA Probes for Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization to HIV-1 RNA.
M. C. Knuchel, B. Graf, E. Schlaepfer, H. Kuster, M. Fischer, R. Weber, and R. W. Cone (2000)
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 48, 285-294
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Effects of recombinant ovine interferon-{tau} on ovine lentivirus replication and progression of disease.
R. A. Juste, T. L. Ott, J. Kwang, F. W. Bazer, and A. de la Concha-Bermejillo (2000)
J. Gen. Virol. 81, 525-532
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Immune Complexes Containing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates Bind to Lymphoid Tissue B Lymphocytes and Are Infectious for T Lymphocytes.
J. J. Jakubik, M. Saifuddin, D. M. Takefman, and G. T. Spear (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 552-555
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Dissociation of HIV-1 from follicular dendritic cells during HAART: Mathematical analysis.
W. S. Hlavacek, C. Wofsy, and A. S. Perelson (1999)
PNAS 96, 14681-14686
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antigen-driven CD4+ T cell and HIV-1 dynamics: Residual viral replication under highly active antiretroviral therapy.
N. M. Ferguson, F. deWolf, A. C. Ghani, C. Fraser, C. A. Donnelly, P. Reiss, J. M. A. Lange, S. A. Danner, G. P. Garnett, J. Goudsmit, et al. (1999)
PNAS 96, 15167-15172
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV evolutionary genetics.
A. G. Rodrigo (1999)
PNAS 96, 10559-10561
   Full Text »    PDF »
Linkage disequilibrium test implies a large effective population number for HIV in vivo.
I. M. Rouzine and J. M. Coffin (1999)
PNAS 96, 10758-10763
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Persistence of HIV-1 Transcription in Peripheral-Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients Receiving Potent Antiretroviral Therapy.
M. R. Furtado, D. S. Callaway, J. P. Phair, K. J. Kunstman, J. L. Stanton, C. A. Macken, A. S. Perelson, and S. M. Wolinsky (1999)
N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 1614-1622
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Constant Mean Viral Copy Number per Infected Cell in Tissues Regardless of High, Low, or Undetectable Plasma HIV RNA.
R. D. Hockett, J. Michael Kilby, C. A. Derdeyn, M. S. Saag, M. Sillers, K. Squires, S. Chiz, M. A. Nowak, G. M. Shaw, and R. P. Bucy (1999)
J. Exp. Med. 189, 1545-1554
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Signaling Through the Lymphotoxin-{beta} Receptor Stimulates HIV-1 Replication Alone and in Cooperation with Soluble or Membrane-Bound TNF-{alpha}.
W. L. Marshall, B. M. N. Brinkman, C. M. Ambrose, P. A. Pesavento, A. M. Uglialoro, E. Teng, R. W. Finberg, J. L. Browning, and A. E. Goldfeld (1999)
J. Immunol. 162, 6016-6023
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cellular Tropism and Viral Interleukin-6 Expression Distinguish Human Herpesvirus 8 Involvement in Kaposi's Sarcoma, Primary Effusion Lymphoma, and Multicentric Castleman's Disease.
K. A. Staskus, R. Sun, G. Miller, P. Racz, A. Jaslowski, C. Metroka, H. Brett-Smith, and A. T. Haase (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 4181-4187
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Reversibility of the pathological changes in the follicular dendritic cell network with treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Z.-Q. Zhang, T. Schuler, W. Cavert, D. W. Notermans, K. Gebhard, K. Henry, D. V. Havlir, H. F. Gunthard, J. K. Wong, S. Little, et al. (1999)
PNAS 96, 5169-5172
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lymph Node Germinal Centers Form in the Absence of Follicular Dendritic Cell Networks.
P. A. Koni and R. A. Flavell (1999)
J. Exp. Med. 189, 855-864
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Down-regulation of Monocyte Tissue Factor Mediated by Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor and the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein.
A. Hamik, H. Setiadi, G. Bu, R. P. McEver, and J. H. Morrissey (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 4962-4969
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CXCR4 utilization is sufficient to trigger CD4+ T cell depletion in HIV-1-infected human lymphoid tissue.
M. L. Penn, J.-C. Grivel, B. Schramm, M. A. Goldsmith, and L. Margolis (1999)
PNAS 96, 663-668
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Vpu Increases Susceptibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Cells to Fas Killing.
C. R. Casella, E. L. Rapaport, and T. H. Finkel (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 92-100
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interactions of the Cytoplasmic Domain of P-Selectin with Clathrin-coated Pits Enhance Leukocyte Adhesion under Flow.
H. Setiadi, G. Sedgewick, S. L. Erlandsen, and R. P. McEver (1998)
J. Cell Biol. 142, 859-871
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Norepinephrine Accelerates HIV Replication Via Protein Kinase A-Dependent Effects on Cytokine Production.
S. W. Cole, Y. D. Korin, J. L. Fahey, and J. A. Zack (1998)
J. Immunol. 161, 610-616
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cellular and Anatomical Reservoirs of HIV-1 in Patients Receiving Potent Antiretroviral Combination Therapy.
L. K. Schrager and M. P. D'Souza (1998)
JAMA 280, 67-71
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A National Tissue Bank to Track HIV Eradication and Immune Reconstitution.
W. Cavert and A. T. Haase (1998)
Science 280, 1865-1866
   Abstract »    Full Text »
In Vivo Distribution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Coreceptors: CXCR4, CCR3, and CCR5.
L. Zhang, T. He, A. Talal, G. Wang, S. S. Frankel, and D. D. Ho (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 5035-5045
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased rates of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte turnover in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques.
M. Rosenzweig, M. DeMaria, D. M. Harper, S. Friedrich, R. K. Jain, and R. P. Johnson (1998)
PNAS 95, 6388-6393
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Persistent Antibody Responses but Declining Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses to Multiple Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antigens in a Long-Term Nonprogressing Individual with a Defective p17 Proviral Sequence and No Detectable Viral RNA Expression.
J. M. Binley, X. Jin, Y. Huang, L. Zhang, Y. Cao, D. D. Ho, and J. P. Moore (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 3472-3474
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Unenlarged Lymph Nodes of HIV-1-infected, Asymptomatic Patients with High CD4 T Cell Counts Are Sites for Virus Replication and CD4 T Cell Proliferation. The Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
K. Tenner-Racz, H.-J. Stellbrink, J. van Lunzen, C. Schneider, J.-P. Jacobs, B. Raschdorff, G. Grossschupff, R. M. Steinman, and P. Racz (1998)
J. Exp. Med. 187, 949-959
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication and Genotypic Resistance in Blood and Lymph Nodes after a Year of Potent Antiretroviral Therapy.
H. F. Gunthard, J. K. Wong, C. C. Ignacio, J. C. Guatelli, N. L. Riggs, D. V. Havlir, and D. D. Richman (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 2422-2428
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetics of CD4+ T cell repopulation of lymphoid tissues after treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Z.-Q. Zhang, D. W. Notermans, G. Sedgewick, W. Cavert, S. Wietgrefe, M. Zupancic, K. Gebhard, K. Henry, L. Boies, Z. Chen, et al. (1998)
PNAS 95, 1154-1159
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mathematical Modeling of the Interrelationship of CD4 Lymphocyte Count and Viral Load Changes Induced by the Protease Inhibitor Indinavir.
G. L. Drusano and D. S. Stein (1998)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 358-361
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Tracking Members of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus deltaB670 Quasispecies Population In Vivo at Single-Cell Resolution.
T. A. Reinhart, M. J. Rogan, A. M. Amedee, M. Murphey-Corb, D. M. Rausch, L. E. Eiden, and A. T. Haase (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 113-120
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of the Temporal Relationship between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Quasispecies in Sequential Blood Samples and Various Organs Obtained at Autopsy.
A. B. van't Wout, L. J. Ran, C. L. Kuiken, N. A. Kootstra, S. T. Pals, and H. Schuitemaker (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 488-496
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reduction of HIV-1 in blood and lymph nodes following potent antiretroviral therapy and the virologic correlates of treatment failure.
J. K. Wong, H. F. Gunthard, D. V. Havlir, Z.-Q. Zhang, A. T. Haase, C. C. Ignacio, S. Kwok, E. Emini, and D. D. Richman (1997)
PNAS 94, 12574-12579
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Controlled Trial of Two Nucleoside Analogues plus Indinavir in Persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and CD4 Cell Counts of 200 per Cubic Millimeter or Less.
S. M. Hammer, K. E. Squires, M. D. Hughes, J. M. Grimes, L. M. Demeter, J. S. Currier, J. J. Eron, J. E. Feinberg, H. H. Balfour, L. R. Deyton, et al. (1997)
N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 725-733
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Correlates of latent and productive HIV type-1 infection in tonsillar CD4+ T cells.
B. Rosok, J. E. Brinchmann, P. Voltersvik, J. Olofsson, L. Bostad, and B. Asjo (1997)
PNAS 94, 9332-9336
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in 1997: Updated Recommendations of the International AIDS Society--USA Panel.
C. C. J. Carpenter, M. A. Fischl, S. M. Hammer, M. S. Hirsch, D. M. Jacobsen, D. A. Katzenstein, J. S. G. Montaner, D. D. Richman, M. S. Saag, R. T. Schooley, et al. (1997)
JAMA 277, 1962-1969
   Abstract »    PDF »
Virus dynamics and drug therapy.
S. Bonhoeffer, R. M. May, G. M. Shaw, and M. A. Nowak (1997)
PNAS 94, 6971-6976
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetics of Response in Lymphoid Tissues to Antiretroviral Therapy of HIV-1 Infection.
W. Cavert, D. W. Notermans, K. Staskus, S. W. Wietgrefe, M. Zupancic, K. Gebhard, K. Henry, Z. Zhang, R. Mills, H. McDade, et al. (1997)
Science 276, 960-964
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Influence of follicular dendritic cells on decay of HIV during antiretroviral therapy.
W. S. Hlavacek, N. I. Stilianakis, D. W. Notermans, S. A. Danner, and A. S. Perelson (2000)
PNAS 97, 10966-10971
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)