Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 13 September 1996:
Vol. 273. no. 5281, pp. 1561 - 1564
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5281.1561
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Appetite-Suppressing Effects of Urocortin, a CRF-Related Neuropeptide

Mariarosa Spina, Emilio Merlo-Pich, * Raymond K. W. Chan, Ana Maria Basso, Jean Rivier, Wylie Vale, George F. Koob dagger

The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is well known to act on the central nervous system in ways that mimic stress and result in decreases in exploration, increases in sympathetic activity, decreases in parasympathetic outflow, and decreases in appetitive behavior. Urocortin, a neuropeptide related to CRF, binds with high affinity to the CRF2 receptor, is more potent than CRF in suppressing appetite, but is less potent than CRF in producing anxiety-like effects and activation. Doses as low as 10 nanograms injected intracerebroventricularly were effective in decreasing food intake in food-deprived and free-feeding rats. These results suggest that urocortin may be an endogenous CRF-like factor in the brain responsible for the effects of stress on appetite.

M. Spina, E. Merlo-Pich, A. M. Basso, G. F. Koob, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
R. K. W. Chan, Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
J. Rivier and W. Vale, Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
*   Present address: Geneva Biomedical Research Institute, Glaxo-Wellcome R&D, 14, Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Case Postale 674, Geneva, Switzerland.

dagger    To whom correspondence should be addressed.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Cardiovascular responses to microinjections of urocortin 3 into the nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat.
T. Nakamura, K. Kawabe, and H. N. Sapru (2009)
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296, H325-H332
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency Is Associated with Reduced Local Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Experimental Colitis.
J. Gay, E. Kokkotou, M. O'Brien, C. Pothoulakis, and K. P. Karalis (2008)
Endocrinology 149, 3403-3409
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stimulation of Lateral Septum CRF2 Receptors Promotes Anorexia and Stress-Like Behaviors: Functional Homology to CRF1 Receptors in Basolateral Amygdala.
V. P. Bakshi, S. M. Newman, S. Smith-Roe, K. A. Jochman, and N. H. Kalin (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 10568-10577
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rhodiola rosea L. extract reduces stress- and CRF-induced anorexia in rats.
L. Mattioli and M. Perfumi (2007)
J Psychopharmacol 21, 742-750
   Abstract »    PDF »
Differences in response to corticotropin-releasing factor after short- and long-term consumption of a high-fat diet.
A. Legendre, E. Papakonstantinou, M.-C. Roy, D. Richard, and R. B. S. Harris (2007)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 293, R1076-R1085
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Corticotropin-releasing hormone physiology.
J. A Majzoub (2006)
Eur. J. Endocrinol. 155, S71-S76
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists.
E Zoumakis, D K Grammatopoulos, and G P Chrousos (2006)
Eur. J. Endocrinol. 155, S85-S91
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urocortin Induces Interleukin-6 Gene Expression via Cyclooxygenase-2 Activity in Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells.
K. Kageyama, K. Hanada, T. Nigawara, T. Moriyama, K. Terui, S. Sakihara, and T. Suda (2006)
Endocrinology 147, 4454-4462
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Corticotropin-releasing Factor Receptor Type 2a Contains an N-terminal Pseudo Signal Peptide.
C. Rutz, A. Renner, M. Alken, K. Schulz, M. Beyermann, B. Wiesner, W. Rosenthal, and R. Schulein (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 24910-24921
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Regulation of the Biological Activity of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors: Implications for Physiology and Pathophysiology.
E. W. Hillhouse and D. K. Grammatopoulos (2006)
Endocr. Rev. 27, 260-286
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of urocortin in rat lung and its effect on pulmonary vascular permeability..
Y. Wu, Y. Xu, H. Zhou, J. Tao, and S. Li (2006)
J. Endocrinol. 189, 167-178
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Vital functions of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) pathways in maintenance and regulation of energy homeostasis.
K. M. Carlin, W. W. Vale, and T. L. Bale (2006)
PNAS 103, 3462-3467
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urocortins of the South African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis: Conservation of Structure and Function in Tetrapod Evolution.
G. C. Boorse, E. J. Crespi, F. M. Dautzenberg, and R. J. Denver (2005)
Endocrinology 146, 4851-4860
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mouse Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor Type 2{alpha} Gene: Isolation, Distribution, Pharmacological Characterization and Regulation by Stress and Glucocorticoids.
A. Chen, M. Perrin, B. Brar, C. Li, P. Jamieson, M. DiGruccio, K. Lewis, and W. Vale (2005)
Mol. Endocrinol. 19, 441-458
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cardiovascular Effects of Long-Term Central and Peripheral Administration of Urocortin, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, and Adrenocorticotropin in Sheep.
R. S. Weisinger, J. R. Blair-West, P. Burns, D. A. Denton, B. Purcell, W. Vale, J. Rivier, H. S. Weisinger, and C. N. May (2004)
Endocrinology 145, 5598-5604
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spontaneous Withdrawal from the Triazolobenzodiazepine Alprazolam Increases Cortical Corticotropin-Releasing Factor mRNA Expression.
K. H. Skelton, C. B. Nemeroff, and M. J. Owens (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 9303-9312
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Urocortin 2, a Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF)2 Agonist, and Ovine CRF, a CRF1 Agonist, Differentially Alter Feeding and Motor Activity.
E. P. Zorrilla, L. E. Reinhardt, G. R. Valdez, K. Inoue, J. E. Rivier, W. W. Vale, and G. F. Koob (2004)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 310, 1027-1034
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anorectic actions of prolactin-releasing peptide are mediated by corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors.
C. B. Lawrence, Y.-L. Liu, M. J. Stock, and S. M. Luckman (2004)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 286, R101-R107
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Endocrine Mechanisms Underlying Plasticity in Metamorphic Timing in Spadefoot Toads.
G. C. Boorse and R. J. Denver (2003)
Integr. Comp. Biol. 43, 646-657
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urocortin-Related Peptides Increase Interleukin-6 Output via Cyclic Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate-Dependent Pathways in A7r5 Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells.
K. Kageyama and T. Suda (2003)
Endocrinology 144, 2234-2241
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor-2-Deficient Mice Display Abnormal Homeostatic Responses to Challenges of Increased Dietary Fat and Cold.
T. L. Bale, K. R. Anderson, A. J. Roberts, K.-F. Lee, T. R. Nagy, and W. W. Vale (2003)
Endocrinology 144, 2580-2587
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Urocortin II, a Selective Agonist for the Type 2 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor, Decreases Feeding and Drinking in the Rat.
K. Inoue, G. R. Valdez, T. M. Reyes, L. E. Reinhardt, A. Tabarin, J. Rivier, W. W. Vale, P. E. Sawchenko, G. F. Koob, and E. P. Zorrilla (2003)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 305, 385-393
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Expression of FAS within hypothalamic neurons: a model for decreased food intake after C75 treatment.
E.-K. Kim, I. Miller, L. E. Landree, F. F. Borisy-Rudin, P. Brown, T. Tihan, C. A. Townsend, L. A. Witters, T. H. Moran, F. P. Kuhajda, et al. (2002)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283, E867-E879
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Beneficial hemodynamic, endocrine, and renal effects of urocortin in experimental heart failure: Comparison with normal sheep.
M. T. Rademaker, C. J. Charles, E. A. Espiner, S. Fisher, C. M. Frampton, C. M. J. Kirkpatrick, J. G. Lainchbury, M. G. Nicholls, A. M. Richards, and W. W. Vale (2002)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 40, 1495-1505
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urocortin in the lateral septal area modulates feeding induced by orexin A in the lateral hypothalamus.
C. Wang and C. M. Kotz (2002)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 283, R358-R367
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stress, Neuropeptides, and Feeding Behavior: A Comparative Perspective.
J. A. Carr (2002)
Integr. Comp. Biol. 42, 582-590
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reduction of Stress-Induced Behavior by Antagonism of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone 2 (CRH2) Receptors in Lateral Septum or CRH1 Receptors in Amygdala.
V. P. Bakshi, S. Smith-Roe, S. M. Newman, D. E. Grigoriadis, and N. H. Kalin (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 2926-2935
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutation Screening of the Urocortin Gene: Identification of New Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Association Studies with Obesity in French Caucasians.
J. Delplanque, F. Vasseur, E. Durand, A. Abderrahmani, C. Dina, G. Waeber, B. Guy-Grand, K. Clement, J. Weill, P. Boutin, et al. (2002)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 867-869
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urocortin III-Immunoreactive Projections in Rat Brain: Partial Overlap with Sites of Type 2 Corticotrophin-Releasing Factor Receptor Expression.
C. Li, J. Vaughan, P. E. Sawchenko, and W. W. Vale (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 991-1001
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urocortin in the hypothalamic PVN increases leptin and affects uncoupling proteins-1 and -3 in rats.
C. M. Kotz, C. Wang, A. S. Levine, and C. J. Billington (2002)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 282, R546-R551
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ingestive responses to administration of stress hormones in baboons.
R. E. Shade, J. R. Blair-West, K. D. Carey, L. J. Madden, R. S. Weisinger, J. E. Rivier, W. W. Vale, and D. A. Denton (2002)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 282, R10-R18
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical System in Mice Deficient for CRH Receptors 1 and 2.
J. Preil, M. B. Muller, A. Gesing, J. M. H. M. Reul, I. Sillaber, M. M. van Gaalen, J. Landgrebe, F. Holsboer, M. Stenzel-Poore, and W. Wurst (2001)
Endocrinology 142, 4946-4955
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
N-glycosylation of CRF receptor type 1 is important for its ligand-specific interaction.
I. Q. Assil and A. B. Abou-Samra (2001)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281, E1015-E1021
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urocortin Expression in Synovium of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis: Relation to Inflammatory Activity.
M. Kohno, Y. Kawahito, Y. Tsubouchi, A. Hashiramoto, R. Yamada, K.-i. Inoue, Y. Kusaka, T. Kubo, I. J. Elenkov, G. P. Chrousos, et al. (2001)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 4344-4352
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Drug Addiction.
Z. Sarnyai, Y. Shaham, and S. C. Heinrichs (2001)
Pharmacol. Rev. 53, 209-244
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urocortin, Corticotropin Releasing Factor-2 Receptors and Energy Balance.
M. J. Cullen, N. Ling, A. C. Foster, and M. A. Pelleymounter (2001)
Endocrinology 142, 992-999
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urocortin and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor Expression in Normal Cycling Human Ovaries.
Y. Muramatsu, N. Sugino, T. Suzuki, K. Totsune, K. Takahashi, A. Tashiro, M. Hongo, Y. Oki, and H. Sasano (2001)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 1362-1369
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Food Restriction-like Effects of Dietary Dehydroepiandrosterone. Hypothalamic Neurotransmitters and Metabolites in Male C57BL/6 and (C57BL/6 DBA/2)F1 Mice.
F. Catalina, S. G. Speciale, V. Kumar, L. Milewich, and M. Bennett (2001)
Experimental Biology and Medicine 226, 208-215
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Effects of central and peripheral urocortin on fed and fasted gastroduodenal motor activity in conscious rats.
N. Kihara, M. Fujimura, I. Yamamoto, E. Itoh, A. Inui, and M. Fujimiya (2001)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280, G406-G419
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urocortin II: A member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors.
T. M. Reyes, K. Lewis, M. H. Perrin, K. S. Kunitake, J. Vaughan, C. A. Arias, J. B. Hogenesch, J. Gulyas, J. Rivier, W. W. Vale, et al. (2001)
PNAS 98, 2843-2848
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Feeding inhibition by urocortin in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.
C. Wang, M. A. Mullet, M. J. Glass, C. J. Billington, A. S. Levine, and C. M. Kotz (2001)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 280, R473-R480
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selective Activation of the Hypothalamic Vasopressinergic System in Mice Deficient for the Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1 Is Dependent on Glucocorticoids.
M. B. Muller, R. Landgraf, J. Preil, I. Sillaber, A. E. Kresse, M. E. Keck, S. Zimmermann, F. Holsboer, and W. Wurst (2000)
Endocrinology 141, 4262-4269
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transgenic study of energy homeostasis equation: implications and confounding influences.
A. INUI (2000)
FASEB J 14, 2158-2170
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Urocortin: A Novel Player in Cardiac Control.
D. G. Parkes and C. N. May (2000)
Physiology 15, 264-268
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Disruption of Arcuate/Paraventricular Nucleus Connections Changes Body Energy Balance and Response to Acute Stress.
M. E. Bell, S. Bhatnagar, S. F. Akana, S. Choi, and M. F. Dallman (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 6707-6713
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Editorial: The Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone System and Feeding Behavior--A Complex Web Begins to Unravel.
R. D. Cone (2000)
Endocrinology 141, 2713-2714
   Full Text »    PDF »
Modulation of Urocortin-Induced Hypophagia and Weight Loss by Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor 1 Deficiency in Mice.
M. J. Bradbury, M. I. McBurnie, D. A. Denton, K.-F. Lee, and W. W. Vale (2000)
Endocrinology 141, 2715-2724
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cockroach diuretic hormones: Characterization of a calcitonin-like peptide in insects.
K. Furuya, R. J. Milchak, K. M. Schegg, J. Zhang, S. S. Tobe, G. M. Coast, and D. A. Schooley (2000)
PNAS 97, 6469-6474
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Receptors in the Anorexic Syndrome Induced by CRF.
M. A. Pelleymounter, M. Joppa, M. Carmouche, M. J. Cullen, B. Brown, B. Murphy, D. E. Grigoriadis, N. Ling, and A. C. Foster (2000)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 293, 799-806
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Chronic stress impairs rat growth and jejunal epithelial barrier function: role of mast cells.
J. Santos, M. Benjamin, P.-C. Yang, T. Prior, and M. H. Perdue (2000)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 278, G847-G854
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transgenic Approach to the Study of Body Weight Regulation.
A. Inui (2000)
Pharmacol. Rev. 52, 35-62
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selective Impairment of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor1 (CRF1) Receptor-Mediated Function Using CRF Coupled to Saporin.
D. Maciejewski-Lenoir, S. C. Heinrichs, X.-J. Liu, N. Ling, A. Tucker, Q. Xie, D. A. Lappi, and D. E. Grigoriadis (2000)
Endocrinology 141, 498-504
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Do Centrally Administered Neuropeptides Access Cognate Receptors?: An Analysis in the Central Corticotropin-Releasing Factor System.
J. C. Bittencourt and P. E. Sawchenko (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 1142-1156
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chronic Administration of the Triazolobenzodiazepine Alprazolam Produces Opposite Effects on Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Urocortin Neuronal Systems.
K. H. Skelton, C. B. Nemeroff, D. L. Knight, and M. J. Owens (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 1240-1248
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urocortin Expression in the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus Is Up-Regulated by Stress and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency.
S. C. Weninger, L. L. Peters, and J. A. Majzoub (2000)
Endocrinology 141, 256-263
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Current and Potential Drugs for Treatment of Obesity.
G. A. Bray and F. L. Greenway (1999)
Endocr. Rev. 20, 805-875
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Urocortin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid: Tissue Distribution in the Rat and Regulation in Thymus by Lipopolysaccharide and Glucocorticoids.
K. Kageyama, M. J. Bradbury, L. Zhao, A. L. Blount, and W. W. Vale (1999)
Endocrinology 140, 5651-5658
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Altered anxiety and weight gain in corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein-deficient mice.
I. J. Karolyi, H. L. Burrows, T. M. Ramesh, M. Nakajima, J. S. Lesh, E. Seong, S. A. Camper, and A. F. Seasholtz (1999)
PNAS 96, 11595-11600
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lower Weight Loss and Food Intake in Protein-Deprived, Corticotropin Releasing Hormone-Deficient Mice Correlate with Glucocorticoid Insufficiency.
L. Jacobson (1999)
Endocrinology 140, 3543-3551
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Stress-induced behaviors require the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor, but not CRH.
S. C. Weninger, A. J. Dunn, L. J. Muglia, P. Dikkes, K. A. Miczek, A. H. Swiergiel, C. W. Berridge, and J. A. Majzoub (1999)
PNAS 96, 8283-8288
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Regulation of the Expression of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor Type 2 (CRF2) in Hypothalamus and Amygdala of the Immature Rat by Sensory Input and Food Intake.
M. Eghbal-Ahmadi, S. Avishai-Eliner, C. G. Hatalski, and T. Z. Baram (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 3982-3991
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prevention of stress-induced weight loss by third ventricle CRF receptor antagonist.
G. N. Smagin, L. A. Howell, S. Redmann Jr., D. H. Ryan, and R. B. S. Harris (1999)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 276, R1461-R1468
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urocortin Stimulates Placental Adrenocorticotropin and Prostaglandin Release and Myometrial Contractility in Vitro.
F. Petraglia, P. Florio, C. Benedetto, L. Marozio, A. M. Di Blasio, C. Ticconi, E. Piccione, S. Luisi, A. R. Genazzani, and W. Vale (1999)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 1420-1423
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Interacting Appetite-Regulating Pathways in the Hypothalamic Regulation of Body Weight.
S. P. Kalra, M. G. Dube, S. Pu, B. Xu, T. L. Horvath, and P. S. Kalra (1999)
Endocr. Rev. 20, 68-100
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Urocortin Is Not a Significant Regulator of Intermittent Electrofootshock-Induced Adrenocorticotropin Secretion in the Intact Male Rat.
A. V. Turnbull, J. Vaughan, J. E. Rivier, W. W. Vale, and C. Rivier (1999)
Endocrinology 140, 71-78
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Glucocorticoid Replacement, but not Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency, Prevents Adrenalectomy-Induced Anorexia in Mice.
L. Jacobson (1999)
Endocrinology 140, 310-317
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Effect of repeated stress on body weight and body composition of rats fed low- and high-fat diets.
R. B. S. Harris, J. Zhou, B. D. Youngblood, I. I. Rybkin, G. N. Smagin, and D. H. Ryan (1998)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 275, R1928-R1938
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Altered expression of type 2 CRH receptor mRNA in the VMH by glucocorticoids and starvation.
S. Makino, M. Nishiyama, K. Asaba, P. W. Gold, and K. Hashimoto (1998)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 275, R1138-R1145
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of [125I]Sauvagine Binding to CRH2 Receptors: Membrane Homogenate and Autoradiographic Studies.
D. H. Rominger, C. M. Rominger, L. W. Fitzgerald, R. Grzanna, B. L. Largent, and R. Zaczek (1998)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 286, 459-468
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Signals That Regulate Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis.
S. C. Woods, R. J. Seeley, D. Porte Jr., and M. W. Schwartz (1998)
Science 280, 1378-1383
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Chronic Effects of a Nonpeptide Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Type I Receptor Antagonist on Pituitary-Adrenal Function, Body Weight, and Metabolic Regulation.
S. R. Bornstein, E. L. Webster, D. J. Torpy, S. J. Richman, N. Mitsiades, M. Igel, D. B. Lewis, K. C. Rice, H. G. Joost, M. Tsokos, et al. (1998)
Endocrinology 139, 1546-1555
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Physiology of Body Weight Regulation: Relevance to the Etiology of Obesity in Children.
M. Rosenbaum and R. L. Leibel (1998)
Pediatrics 101, 525-539
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The hypocretins: Hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity.
L. de Lecea, T. S. Kilduff, C. Peyron, X.-B. Gao, P. E. Foye, P. E. Danielson, C. Fukuhara, E. L. F. Battenberg, V. T. Gautvik, F. S. Bartlett II, et al. (1998)
PNAS 95, 322-327
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Orphanin FQ acts as an anxiolytic to attenuate behavioral responses to stress.
F. Jenck, J.-L. Moreau, J. R. Martin, G. J. Kilpatrick, R. K. Reinscheid, F. J. Monsma Jr., H.-P. Nothacker, and O. Civelli (1997)
PNAS 94, 14854-14858
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of restraint stress on food intake and body weight is determined by time of day.
I. I. Rybkin, Y. Zhou, J. Volaufova, G. N. Smagin, D. H. Ryan, and R. B. S. Harris (1997)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 273, R1612-R1622
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antagonism of Central Melanocortin Receptors in Vitro and in Vivo by Agouti-Related Protein.
M. M. Ollmann, B. D. Wilson, Y. Yang, J. A. Kerns, Y. Chen, I. Gantz, and G. S. Barsh (1997)
Science 278, 135-138
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Interleukin 1{alpha} Increases Serum Leptin Concentrations in Humans.
J. E. Janik, B. D. Curti, R. V. Considine, H. C. Rager, G. C. Powers, W. G. Alvord, J. W. Smith II, B. L. Gause, and W. C. Kopp (1997)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 3084-3086
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Obesity.
M. Rosenbaum, R. L. Leibel, and J. Hirsch (1997)
N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 396-407
   Full Text »    PDF »
Neuroendocrine Responses to Starvation and Weight Loss.
M. W. Schwartz and R. J. Seeley (1997)
N. Engl. J. Med. 336, 1802-1811
   Full Text »    PDF »
Protein Malnutrition Increases Plasma Adrenocorticotropin and Anterior Pituitary Proopiomelanocortin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Rat.
L. Jacobson, D. Zurakowski, and J. A. Majzoub (1997)
Endocrinology 138, 1048-1057
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein ligand inhibitor blunts excessive weight gain in genetically obese Zucker rats and rats during nicotine withdrawal.
S. C. Heinrichs, J. Lapsansky, D. P. Behan, R. K. W. Chan, P. E. Sawchenko, M. Lorang, N. Ling, W. W. Vale, and E. B. De Souza (1996)
PNAS 93, 15475-15480
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The inhibitory effect of hormones associated with stress on Na appetite of sheep.
R. S. Weisinger, J. R. Blair-West, P. Burns, D. A. Denton, M. J. McKinley, B. Purcell, W. Vale, J. Rivier, and K. Sunagawa (2000)
PNAS 97, 2922-2927
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)