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Science 6 September 1996:
Vol. 273. no. 5280, pp. 1392 - 1395
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5280.1392
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Reports

Crystal Structure of the Aequorea victoria Green Fluorescent Protein

Mats Ormö, Andrew B. Cubitt, Karen Kallio, Larry A. Gross, Roger Y. Tsien, * S. James Remington dagger

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the Pacific Northwest jellyfish Aequorea victoria has generated intense interest as a marker for gene expression and localization of gene products. The chromophore, resulting from the spontaneous cyclization and oxidation of the sequence -Ser65 (or Thr65)-Tyr66-Gly67-, requires the native protein fold for both formation and fluorescence emission. The structure of Thr65 GFP has been determined at 1.9 angstrom resolution. The protein fold consists of an 11-stranded beta  barrel with a coaxial helix, with the chromophore forming from the central helix. Directed mutagenesis of one residue adjacent to the chromophore, Thr203, to Tyr or His results in significantly red-shifted excitation and emission maxima.

M. Ormö, K. Kallio, S. J. Remington, Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1226, USA.
A. B. Cubitt, Aurora Biosciences, 11149 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
L. A. Gross and R. Y. Tsien, Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute 0647, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA.
*   To whom requests for mutants should be addressed. Fax: (619) 534-5270.

dagger    To whom correspondence regarding crystallography should be addressed. E-mail: jim{at}uoxray.uoregon.edu


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Fluorescence bleaching reveals asymmetric compartment formation prior to cell division in Caulobacter.
E. M. Judd, K. R. Ryan, W. E. Moerner, L. Shapiro, and H. H. McAdams (2003)
PNAS 100, 8235-8240
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Basis and Evolutionary Origins of Color Diversity in Great Star Coral Montastraea cavernosa (Scleractinia: Faviida).
I. V. Kelmanson and M. V. Matz (2003)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 1125-1133
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Development and Use of Fluorescent Protein Markers in Living Cells.
J. Lippincott-Schwartz and G. H. Patterson (2003)
Science 300, 87-91
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromophore Environment Provides Clue to "Kindling Fluorescent Protein" Riddle.
D. M. Chudakov, A. V. Feofanov, N. N. Mudrik, S. Lukyanov, and K. A. Lukyanov (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 7215-7219
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The Signal Sequence of Exported Protein-1 Directs the Green Fluorescent Protein to the Parasitophorous Vacuole of Transfected Malaria Parasites.
A. Adisa, M. Rug, N. Klonis, M. Foley, A. F. Cowman, and L. Tilley (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 6532-6542
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Subunit gamma -Green Fluorescent Protein Fusions Are Functionally Incorporated into Mitochondrial F1F0-ATP Synthase, Arguing Against a Rigid Cap Structure at the Top of F1.
M. Prescott, S. Nowakowski, P. Gavin, P. Nagley, J. C. Whisstock, and R. J. Devenish (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 251-256
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Simultaneous Detection of EGFP and Cell Surface Markers by Fluorescence Microscopy in Lymphoid Tissues.
K. L. Kusser and T. D. Randall (2003)
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 51, 5-14
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Crystal Structure of Venus, a Yellow Fluorescent Protein with Improved Maturation and Reduced Environmental Sensitivity.
A. Rekas, J.-R. Alattia, T. Nagai, A. Miyawaki, and M. Ikura (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 50573-50578
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Seeing the Light: Preassembly and Ligand-Induced Changes of the Interferon {gamma} Receptor Complex in Cells.
C. D. Krause, E. Mei, J. Xie, Y. Jia, M. A. Bopp, R. M. Hochstrasser, and S. Pestka (2002)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 1, 805-815
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Quantitative imaging of cis-regulatory reporters in living embryos.
I. J. Dmochowski, J. E. Dmochowski, P. Oliveri, E. H. Davidson, and S. E. Fraser (2002)
PNAS 99, 12895-12900
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