Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 30 August 1996:
Vol. 273. no. 5279, pp. 1236 - 1238
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5279.1236
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Pycnodysostosis, a Lysosomal Disease Caused by Cathepsin K Deficiency

Bruce D. Gelb, * Guo-Ping Shi, Harold A. Chapman, Robert J. Desnick

Pycnodysostosis, an autosomal recessive osteochondrodysplasia characterized by osteosclerosis and short stature, maps to chromosome 1q21. Cathepsin K, a cysteine protease gene that is highly expressed in osteoclasts, localized to the pycnodysostosis region. Nonsense, missense, and stop codon mutations in the gene encoding cathepsin K were identified in patients. Transient expression of complementary DNA containing the stop codon mutation resulted in messenger RNA but no immunologically detectable protein. Thus, pycnodysostosis results from gene defects in a lysosomal protease with highest expression in osteoclasts. These findings suggest that cathepsin K is a major protease in bone resorption, providing a possible rationale for the treatment of disorders such as osteoporosis and certain forms of arthritis.

B. D. Gelb and R. J. Desnick, Department of Human Genetics and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
G.-P. Shi and H. A. Chapman, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1203, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA. E-mail: gelb{at}msvax.mssm.edu


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Glycosaminoglycan-Mediated Loss of Cathepsin K Collagenolytic Activity in MPS I Contributes to Osteoclast and Growth Plate Abnormalities.
S. Wilson, S. Hashamiyan, L. Clarke, P. Saftig, J. Mort, V. M. Dejica, and D. Bromme (2009)
Am. J. Pathol. 175, 2053-2062
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bone Marrow-Derived Cathepsin K Cleaves SPARC in Bone Metastasis.
I. Podgorski, B. E. Linebaugh, J. E. Koblinski, D. L. Rudy, M. K. Herroon, M. B. Olive, and B. F. Sloane (2009)
Am. J. Pathol. 175, 1255-1269
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Leucocyte cathepsin K affects atherosclerotic lesion composition and bone mineral density in low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient mice.
J. Guo, I. Bot, R. de Nooijer, S. J. Hoffman, G. B. Stroup, E. A.L. Biessen, G. M. Benson, P. H.E. Groot, M. Van Eck, and T. J.C. Van Berkel (2009)
Cardiovasc Res 81, 278-285
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The p85{alpha} Subunit of Class IA Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Regulates the Expression of Multiple Genes Involved in Osteoclast Maturation and Migration.
V. Munugalavadla, S. Vemula, E. C. Sims, S. Krishnan, S. Chen, J. Yan, H. Li, P. J. Niziolek, C. Takemoto, A. G. Robling, et al. (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 7182-7198
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Species Differences Between Human and Rat in the Substrate Specificity of Cathepsin K.
S. Tada, K. Tsutsumi, H. Ishihara, K. Suzuki, K. Gohda, and N. Teno (2008)
J. Biochem. 144, 499-506
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nuclear Cathepsin F Regulates Activation Markers in Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells.
G. Maubach, M. C. C. Lim, and L. Zhuo (2008)
Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 4238-4248
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cathepsin K-Dependent Toll-Like Receptor 9 Signaling Revealed in Experimental Arthritis.
M. Asagiri, T. Hirai, T. Kunigami, S. Kamano, H.-J. Gober, K. Okamoto, K. Nishikawa, E. Latz, D. T. Golenbock, K. Aoki, et al. (2008)
Science 319, 624-627
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cathepsin K - A New Molecular Target for Osteoporosis.
S. B. Rodan and L. T. Duong (2008)
IBMS BoneKEy 5, 16-24
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
New Agents for the Treatment of Osteoporosis.
T. J. Martin and K. W. Ng (2007)
IBMS BoneKEy 4, 287-298
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cathepsin cysteine proteases in cardiovascular disease.
S. P. M. Lutgens, K. B. J. M. Cleutjens, M. J. A. P. Daemen, and S. Heeneman (2007)
FASEB J 21, 3029-3041
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Complementary Roles of Intracellular and Pericellular Collagen Degradation Pathways In Vivo.
R. A. Wagenaar-Miller, L. H. Engelholm, J. Gavard, S. S. Yamada, J. S. Gutkind, N. Behrendt, T. H. Bugge, and K. Holmbeck (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 6309-6322
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cathespin H Is an Fgf10 Target Involved in Bmp4 Degradation during Lung Branching Morphogenesis.
J. Lu, J. Qian, D. Keppler, and W. V. Cardoso (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 22176-22184
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Optical Visualization of Cathepsin K Activity in Atherosclerosis With a Novel, Protease-Activatable Fluorescence Sensor.
F. A. Jaffer, D.-E. Kim, L. Quinti, C.-H. Tung, E. Aikawa, A. N. Pande, R. H. Kohler, G.-P. Shi, P. Libby, and R. Weissleder (2007)
Circulation 115, 2292-2298
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel pycnodysostosis mouse model uncovers cathepsin K function as a potential regulator of osteoclast apoptosis and senescence.
W. Chen, S. Yang, Y. Abe, M. Li, Y. Wang, J. Shao, E. Li, and Y.-P. Li (2007)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 16, 410-423
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Osteoclasts: What Do They Do and How Do They Do It?.
S. L. Teitelbaum (2007)
Am. J. Pathol. 170, 427-435
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Expression of Clcn7 and Ostm1 in Osteoclasts Is Coregulated by Microphthalmia Transcription Factor.
N. A. Meadows, S. M. Sharma, G. J. Faulkner, M. C. Ostrowski, D. A. Hume, and A. I. Cassady (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 1891-1904
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dental and Facial Bone Abnormalities in Pyknodysostosis: CT Findings.
K.W. Fleming, G. Barest, and O. Sakai (2007)
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 28, 132-134
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic regulation of bone mass and susceptibility to osteoporosis.
S. H. Ralston and B. de Crombrugghe (2006)
Genes & Dev. 20, 2492-2506
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Orally Active Cathepsin K Inhibitor, Furan-2-Carboxylic Acid, 1-{1-[4-Fluoro-2-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-3-oxo-piperidin-4-ylcarbamoyl}-cyclohexyl)-amide (OST-4077), Inhibits Osteoclast Activity in Vitro and Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats.
M. K. Kim, H. D. Kim, J. H. Park, J. I. Lim, J. S. Yang, W. Y. Kwak, S. Y. Sung, H. J. Kim, S. H. Kim, C. H. Lee, et al. (2006)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 318, 555-562
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased Expression of Elastolytic Cathepsins S, K, and V and Their Inhibitor Cystatin C in Stenotic Aortic Valves.
S. Helske, S. Syvaranta, K. A. Lindstedt, J. Lappalainen, K. Oorni, M. I. Mayranpaa, J. Lommi, H. Turto, K. Werkkala, M. Kupari, et al. (2006)
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26, 1791-1798
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pepstatin A, an Aspartic Proteinase Inhibitor, Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation..
H. Yoshida, K. Okamoto, T. Iwamoto, E. Sakai, K. Kanaoka, J.-P. Hu, M. Shibata, H. Hotokezaka, K. Nishishita, A. Mizuno, et al. (2006)
J. Biochem. 139, 583-590
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The genetic and molecular bases of monogenic disorders affecting proteolytic systems.
I Richard (2005)
J. Med. Genet. 42, 529-539
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intracellular collagen degradation mediated by uPARAP/Endo180 is a major pathway of extracellular matrix turnover during malignancy.
A. C. Curino, L. H. Engelholm, S. S. Yamada, K. Holmbeck, L. R. Lund, A. A. Molinolo, N. Behrendt, B. S. Nielsen, and T. H. Bugge (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 169, 977-985
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Essential Role of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase in Cathepsin K Gene Expression during Osteoclastogenesis through Association of NFATc1 and PU.1.
M. Matsumoto, M. Kogawa, S. Wada, H. Takayanagi, M. Tsujimoto, S. Katayama, K. Hisatake, and Y. Nogi (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 45969-45979
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-1{alpha} Stimulates Cathepsin K Expression in Osteoclasts via the Tyrosine Kinase-NF-{kappa}B Pathway.
S. Kamolmatyakul, W. Chen, S. Yang, Y. Abe, R. Moroi, A.M. Ashique, and Y.-P. Li (2004)
Journal of Dental Research 83, 791-796
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lysosomal Cysteine Proteases in Atherosclerosis.
J. Liu, G. K. Sukhova, J.-S. Sun, W.-H. Xu, P. Libby, and G.-P. Shi (2004)
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24, 1359-1366
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pivotal Role of Cathepsin K in Lung Fibrosis.
F. Buhling, C. Rocken, F. Brasch, R. Hartig, Y. Yasuda, P. Saftig, D. Bromme, and T. Welte (2004)
Am. J. Pathol. 164, 2203-2216
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lysosomal cysteine proteases in the lung: role in protein processing and immunoregulation.
F. Buhling, N. Waldburg, A. Reisenauer, A. Heimburg, H. Golpon, and T. Welte (2004)
Eur. Respir. J. 23, 620-628
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Decreased Bone Turnover and Deterioration of Bone Structure in Two Cases of Pycnodysostosis.
N. Fratzl-Zelman, A. Valenta, P. Roschger, A. Nader, B. D. Gelb, P. Fratzl, and K. Klaushofer (2004)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 1538-1547
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
NEW MOLECULES IN THE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR LIGAND AND RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILIES WITH IMPORTANCE FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL BONE RESORPTION.
U. H. Lerner (2004)
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 15, 64-81
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Collagenase Activities of Human Cathepsins by Glycosaminoglycans.
Z. Li, Y. Yasuda, W. Li, M. Bogyo, N. Katz, R. E. Gordon, G. B. Fields, and D. Bromme (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 5470-5479
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased Expression of Elastolytic Cysteine Proteases, Cathepsins S and K, in the Neointima of Balloon-Injured Rat Carotid Arteries.
X. W. Cheng, M. Kuzuya, T. Sasaki, K. Arakawa, S. Kanda, D. Sumi, T. Koike, K. Maeda, N. Tamaya-Mori, G.-P. Shi, et al. (2004)
Am. J. Pathol. 164, 243-251
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibitory Mechanism of a Cross-class Serpin, the Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 1.
K. Masumoto, Y. Sakata, K. Arima, I. Nakao, and K. Izuhara (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 45296-45304
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Collagen Dissolution by Keratinocytes Requires Cell Surface Plasminogen Activation and Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity.
S. Netzel-Arnett, D. J. Mitola, S. S. Yamada, K. Chrysovergis, K. Holmbeck, H. Birkedal-Hansen, and T. H. Bugge (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 45154-45161
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular genetics of calcium sensing in bone cells.
J. Purroy and N. K. Spurr (2002)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 11, 2377-2384
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular genetics of too much bone.
K. Janssens and W. Van Hul (2002)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 11, 2385-2393
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Collagenase Activity of Cathepsin K Depends on Complex Formation with Chondroitin Sulfate.
Z. Li, W.-S. Hou, C. R. Escalante-Torres, B. D. Gelb, and D. Bromme (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 28669-28676
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neuronal loss and brain atrophy in mice lacking cathepsins B and L.
U. Felbor, B. Kessler, W. Mothes, H. H. Goebel, H. L. Ploegh, R. T. Bronson, and B. R. Olsen (2002)
PNAS 99, 7883-7888
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CYSTEINE PEPTIDASES OF MAMMALS: THEIR BIOLOGICAL ROLES AND POTENTIAL EFFECTS IN THE ORAL CAVITY AND OTHER TISSUES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE.
D.P. Dickinson (2002)
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 13, 238-275
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitf and Tfe3, two members of the Mitf-Tfe family of bHLH-Zip transcription factors, have important but functionally redundant roles in osteoclast development.
E. Steingrimsson, L. Tessarollo, B. Pathak, L. Hou, H. Arnheiter, N. G. Copeland, and N. A. Jenkins (2002)
PNAS 99, 4477-4482
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chemical Approaches for Functionally Probing the Proteome.
D. Greenbaum, A. Baruch, L. Hayrapetian, Z. Darula, A. Burlingame, K. F. Medzihradszky, and M. Bogyo (2002)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 1, 60-68
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Estrogen Reduces the Depth of Resorption Pits by Disturbing the Organic Bone Matrix Degradation Activity of Mature Osteoclasts.
V. Parikka, P. Lehenkari, M.-L. Sassi, J. Halleen, J. Risteli, P. Harkonen, and H. K. Vaananen (2001)
Endocrinology 142, 5371-5378
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cathepsin K Is a Critical Protease in Synovial Fibroblast-Mediated Collagen Degradation.
W.-S. Hou, Z. Li, R. E. Gordon, K. Chan, M. J. Klein, R. Levy, M. Keysser, G. Keyszer, and D. Bromme (2001)
Am. J. Pathol. 159, 2167-2177
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
When developmental biology meets human pathology.
G. Karsenty (2001)
PNAS 98, 5385-5386
   Full Text »    PDF »
A Putative Role for Cathepsin K in Degradation of AA and AL Amyloidosis.
C. Rocken, B. Stix, D. Bromme, S. Ansorge, A. Roessner, and F. Buhling (2001)
Am. J. Pathol. 158, 1029-1038
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interferon-{gamma} Down-regulates Gene Expression of Cathepsin K in Osteoclasts and Inhibits Osteoclast Formation.
S. Kamolmatyakul, W. Chen, and Y.-P. Li (2001)
Journal of Dental Research 80, 351-355
   Abstract »    PDF »
Cathepsin L deficiency as molecular defect of furless: hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and pertubation of hair follicle cycling.
W. ROTH, J. DEUSSING, V. A. BOTCHKAREV, M. PAULY-EVERS, P. SAFTIG, A. HAFNER, P. SCHMIDT, W. SCHMAHL, J. SCHERER, I. ANTON-LAMPRECHT, et al. (2000)
FASEB J 14, 2075-2086
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Regulation of Elastinolytic Cysteine Proteinase Activity in Normal and Cathepsin K-Deficient Human Macrophages.
A. Punturieri, S. Filippov, E. Allen, I. Caras, R. Murray, V. Reddy, and S. J. Weiss (2000)
J. Exp. Med. 192, 789-800
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pathologic gene expression in Gaucher disease: up-regulation of cysteine proteinases including osteoclastic cathepsin K.
M. T. Moran, J. P. Schofield, A. R. Hayman, G.-P. Shi, E. Young, and T. M. Cox (2000)
Blood 96, 1969-1978
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protease Injury in the Development of COPD : Thomas A. Neff Lecture.
H. A. Chapman Jr. and G.-P. Shi (2000)
Chest 117 , 295S-299S
   Full Text »    PDF »
Localisation of the gene causing diaphyseal dysplasia Camurati-Engelmann to chromosome 19q13.
K. Janssens, R. Gershoni-Baruch, E. Van Hul, R. Brik, N. Guañabens, N. Migone, L. A Verbruggen, S. H Ralston, M. Bonduelle, L. Van Maldergem, et al. (2000)
J. Med. Genet. 37, 245-249
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Cathepsin K in thyroid epithelial cells: sequence, localization and possible function in extracellular proteolysis of thyroglobulin.
C Tepel, D Bromme, V Herzog, and K Brix (2000)
J. Cell Sci. 113, 4487-4498
   Abstract »    PDF »
Novel Mutations of the Cathepsin K Gene in Patients with Pycnodysostosis and Their Characterization.
Y. Fujita, K. Nakata, N. Yasui, Y. Matsui, E. Kataoka, K. Hiroshima, R.-i. Shiba, and T. Ochi (2000)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 425-431
   Abstract »    Full Text »
The genetic transformation of bone biology.
G. Karsenty (1999)
Genes & Dev. 13, 3037-3051
   Full Text »
Interaction between Vacuolar H+-ATPase and Microfilaments during Osteoclast Activation.
B. S. Lee, S. L. Gluck, and L. S. Holliday (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 29164-29171
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Osteopetrosis and osteoporosis:two sides of the same coin.
F. Lazner, M. Gowen, D. Pavasovic, and I. Kola (1999)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 8, 1839-1846
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional heterogeneity of osteoclasts: matrix metalloproteinases participate in osteoclastic resorption of calvarial bone but not in resorption of long bone.
V. EVERTS, W. KORPER, D. C. JANSEN, J. STEINFORT, I. LAMMERSE, S. HEERA, A. J. P. DOCHERTY, and W. BEERTSEN (1999)
FASEB J 13, 1219-1230
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Molecular Cloning and Structural and Functional Characterization of Human Cathepsin F, a New Cysteine Proteinase of the Papain Family with a Long Propeptide Domain.
I. Santamaria, G. Velasco, A. M. Pendas, A. Paz, and C. Lopez-Otin (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 13800-13809
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of Cathepsin K in Lung Epithelial Cells.
F. Bühling, A. Gerber, C. Häckel, S. Krüger, T. Köhnlein, D. Brömme, D. Reinhold, S. Ansorge, and T. Welte (1999)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 20, 612-619
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Prevalence of Lysosomal Storage Disorders.
P. J. Meikle, J. J. Hopwood, A. E. Clague, and W. F. Carey (1999)
JAMA 281, 249-254
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Cathepsin F. MOLECULAR CLONING, FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION, TISSUE LOCALIZATION, AND ENZYMATIC CHARACTERIZATION.
B. Wang, G.-P. Shi, P. M. Yao, Z. Li, H. A. Chapman, and D. Bromme (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 32000-32008
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Collagenolytic Activity of Cathepsin K Is Unique among Mammalian Proteinases.
P. Garnero, O. Borel, I. Byrjalsen, M. Ferreras, F. H. Drake, M. S. McQueney, N. T. Foged, P. D. Delmas, and J.-M. Delaisse (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 32347-32352
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impaired osteoclastic bone resorption leads to osteopetrosis in cathepsin-K-deficient mice.
P. Saftig, E. Hunziker, O. Wehmeyer, S. Jones, A. Boyde, W. Rommerskirch, J. D. Moritz, P. Schu, and K. von Figura (1998)
PNAS 95, 13453-13458
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transforming Growth Factor-beta Stimulates the Production of Osteoprotegerin/Osteoclastogenesis Inhibitory Factor by Bone Marrow Stromal Cells.
H. Takai, M. Kanematsu, K. Yano, E. Tsuda, K. Higashio, K. Ikeda, K. Watanabe, and Y. Yamada (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27091-27096
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cathepsin Z, a Novel Human Cysteine Proteinase with a Short Propeptide Domain and a Unique Chromosomal Location.
I. Santamaria, G. Velasco, A. M. Pendas, A. Fueyo, and C. Lopez-Otin (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 16816-16823
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Characterization, Promoter Analysis, and Chromosomal Localization of Human Bleomycin Hydrolase.
A. A. Ferrando, A. M. Pendas, E. Llano, G. Velasco, R. Lidereau, and C. Lopez-Otin (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 33298-33304
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Initiation of Osteoclast Bone Resorption by Interstitial Collagenase.
L. S. Holliday, H. G. Welgus, C. J. Fliszar, G. M. Veith, J. J. Jeffrey, and S. L. Gluck (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 22053-22058
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Science, medicine, and the future: osteoporosis.
S. H Ralston (1997)
BMJ 315, 469-472
   Full Text »
Cathepsin K Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide Inhibits Osteoclastic Bone Resorption.
T. Inui, O. Ishibashi, T. Inaoka, Y. Origane, M. Kumegawa, T. Kokubo, and T. Yamamura (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 8109-8112
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A nonsense mutation in the cathepsin K gene observed in a family with pycnodysostosis..
M R Johnson, M H Polymeropoulos, H L Vos, R I Ortiz de Luna, and C A Francomano (1996)
Genome Res. 6, 1050-1055
   Abstract »    PDF »
Potent and Selective Cathepsin L Inhibitors Do Not Inhibit Human Osteoclast Resorption in Vitro.
I. E. James, R. W. Marquis, S. M. Blake, S. M. Hwang, C. J. Gress, Y. Ru, D. Zembryki, D. S. Yamashita, M. S. McQueney, T. A. Tomaszek, et al. (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 11507-11511
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Linking osteopetrosis and pycnodysostosis: Regulation of cathepsin K expression by the microphthalmia transcription factor family.
G. Motyckova, K. N. Weilbaecher, M. Horstmann, D. J. Rieman, D. Z. Fisher, and D. E. Fisher (2001)
PNAS 98, 5798-5803
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)