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Science 3 May 1996:
Vol. 272. no. 5262, pp. 671 - 676
DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5262.671
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Articles

Molecular Pathways Controlling Heart Development

Eric N. Olson * and Deepak Srivastava

Heart formation requires complex interactions among cells from multiple embryonic origins. Recent studies have begun to reveal the genetic pathways that control cardiac morphogenesis. Many of the genes within these pathways are conserved across vast phylogenetic distances, which has allowed cardiac development to be dissected in organisms ranging from flies to mammals. Studies of cardiac development have also revealed the molecular defects underlying several congenital cardiac malformations in humans and may ultimately provide opportunities for genetic testing and intervention.

E. N. Olson is in the Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9148, USA. D. Srivastava is in the Departments of Pediatrics (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9148, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.


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Control of early cardiac-specific transcription of Nkx2-5 by a GATA-dependent enhancer.
C. Lien, C Wu, B Mercer, R Webb, J. Richardson, and E. Olson (1999)
Development 126, 75-84
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Embryonic Expression Suggests an Important Role for CRP2/SmLIM in the Developing Cardiovascular System.
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Combinatorial cis-Acting Elements Control Tissue-specific Activation of the Cardiac Troponin I Gene in Vitro and in Vivo.
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D. J. Henderson and A. J. Copp (1998)
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Congenital Heart Disease Caused by Mutations in the Transcription Factor NKX2-5.
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The Cardiac Tissue-Restricted Homeobox Protein Csx/Nkx2.5 Physically Associates with the Zinc Finger Protein GATA4 and Cooperatively Activates Atrial Natriuretic Factor Gene Expression.
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Opposing Effects of Jun Kinase and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases on Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy.
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Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 3518-3526
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Cardiac and Extracardiac Expression of Csx/Nkx2.5 Homeodomain Protein.
H. Kasahara, S. Bartunkova, M. Schinke, M. Tanaka, and S. Izumo (1998)
Circ. Res. 82, 936-946
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PDGF, TGF-{beta}, and Heterotypic Cell-Cell Interactions Mediate Endothelial Cell-induced Recruitment of 10T1/2 Cells and Their Differentiation to a Smooth Muscle Fate.
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J. Cell Biol. 141, 805-814
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P. A. Doevendans, P. Ruiz-Lozano, and M. van Bilsen (1998)
Cardiovasc Res 38, 301-315
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Patterns of expression in the developing myocardium: towards a morphologically integrated transcriptional model.
D. Franco, W. H Lamers, and A. F.M Moorman (1998)
Cardiovasc Res 38, 25-53
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An Alternate Promoter Directs Expression of a Truncated, Muscle-specific Isoform of the Human Ankyrin 1 Gene.
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J. Biol. Chem. 273, 1339-1348
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A GATA-dependent nkx-2.5 regulatory element activates early cardiac gene expression in transgenic mice.
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Development 125, 4461-4470
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A signaling cascade involving endothelin-1, dHAND and msx1 regulates development of neural-crest-derived branchial arch mesenchyme.
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Development 125, 3005-3014
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Divergent roles for NK-2 class homeobox genes in cardiogenesis in flies and mice.
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Development 125, 3037-3048
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Ventricular muscle-restricted targeting of the RXRalpha gene reveals a non-cell-autonomous requirement in cardiac chamber morphogenesis.
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Development 125, 1943-1949
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Cardiovasc Res 36, 163-173
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Y. Xia, L. M. Buja, R. C. Scarpulla, and J. B. McMillin (1997)
PNAS 94, 11399-11404
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A Role for the p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Myocardial Cell Growth, Sarcomeric Organization, and Cardiac-specific Gene Expression.
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J. Cell Biol. 139, 115-127
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Expression Pattern of Connexin Gene Products at the Early Developmental Stages of the Mouse Cardiovascular System.
B. Delorme, E. Dahl, T. Jarry-Guichard, J.-P. Briand, K. Willecke, D. Gros, and M. Theveniau-Ruissy (1997)
Circ. Res. 81, 423-437
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The signaling pathway mediated by the type IIB activin receptor controls axial patterning and lateral asymmetry in the mouse..
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Control of Mouse Cardiac Morphogenesis and Myogenesis by Transcription Factor MEF2C.
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Essential roles of the winged helix transcription factor MFH-1 in aortic arch patterning and skeletogenesis.
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Development 124, 4627-4638
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Targeted disruption of the mouse homologue of the Drosophila polyhomeotic gene leads to altered anteroposterior patterning and neural crest defects.
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Development 124, 3673-3682
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Development 124, 3755-3764
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K Jagla, M Frasch, T Jagla, G Dretzen, F Bellard, and M Bellard (1997)
Development 124, 3471-3479
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Development 124, 2099-2117
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CARP, a cardiac ankyrin repeat protein, is downstream in the Nkx2-5 homeobox gene pathway.
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Development 124, 793-804
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A Transcriptional Pathway for Cardiac Development.
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Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 62, 405-411
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Zebrafish tinman homolog demarcates the heart field and initiates myocardial differentiation.
J. Chen and M. Fishman (1996)
Development 122, 3809-3816
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The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription factors dHAND and eHAND Exhibit Dimerization Characteristics That Suggest Complex Regulation of Function.
B. A. Firulli, D. B. Hadzic, J. R. McDaid, and A. B. Firulli (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 33567-33573
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Binding of Serum Response Factor to CArG Box Sequences Is Necessary but Not Sufficient to Restrict Gene Expression to Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells.
M. Strobeck, S. Kim, J. C. L. Zhang, C. Clendenin, K. L. Du, and M. S. Parmacek (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 16418-16424
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Apoptosis in neural crest cells by functional loss of APC tumor suppressor gene.
S. Hasegawa, T. Sato, H. Akazawa, H. Okada, A. Maeno, M. Ito, Y. Sugitani, H. Shibata, J.-i. Miyazaki, M. Katsuki, et al. (2002)
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