Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 5 April 1996:
Vol. 272. no. 5258, pp. 54 - 60
DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5258.54
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

Immunological Memory and Protective Immunity: Understanding Their Relation

Rafi Ahmed * and David Gray

The immune system can remember, sometimes for a lifetime, the identity of a pathogen. Understanding how this is accomplished has fascinated immunologists and microbiologists for many years, but there is still considerable debate regarding the mechanisms by which long-term immunity is maintained. Some of the controversy stems from a failure to distinguish between effector and memory cells and to define their roles in conferring protection against disease. Here the current understanding of the cellular basis of immune memory is reviewed and the relative contributions made to protective immunity by memory and effector T and B cells are examined.

R. Ahmed is at the Emory Vaccine Center and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. D. Gray is at the Department of Immunology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Cutting Edge: Memory CD8 T Cell Compartment Grows in Size with Immunological Experience but Nevertheless Can Lose Function.
K. M. Huster, C. Stemberger, G. Gasteiger, W. Kastenmuller, I. Drexler, and D. H. Busch (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 6898-6902
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Late Memory CD8+ T Cells Have a Distinct Cytokine Signature Characterized by CC Chemokine Production without IL-2 Production.
T. K. Kim, L. S. St. John, E. D. Wieder, J. Khalili, Q. Ma, and K. V. Komanduri (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 6167-6174
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selectively Reduced Intracellular Proliferation of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium within APCs Limits Antigen Presentation and Development of a Rapid CD8 T Cell Response.
H. Albaghdadi, N. Robinson, B. Finlay, L. Krishnan, and S. Sad (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 3778-3787
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Alveolar Macrophages and Lung Dendritic Cells Sense RNA and Drive Mucosal IgA Responses.
J. Bessa, A. Jegerlehner, H. J. Hinton, P. Pumpens, P. Saudan, P. Schneider, and M. F. Bachmann (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 3788-3799
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Type I Interferon (IFN{alpha}) Acts Directly on Human Memory CD4+ T Cells Altering Their Response to Antigen.
K. M. E. Gallagher, S. Lauder, I. W. Rees, A. M. Gallimore, and A. J. Godkin (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 2915-2920
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Clonotype Selection and Composition of Human CD8 T Cells Specific for Persistent Herpes Viruses Varies with Differentiation but Is Stable Over Time.
E. M. Iancu, P. Corthesy, P. Baumgaertner, E. Devevre, V. Voelter, P. Romero, D. E. Speiser, and N. Rufer (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 319-331
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intracellular Bacterial Vectors That Induce CD8+ T Cells with Similar Cytolytic Abilities but Disparate Memory Phenotypes Provide Contrasting Tumor Protection.
F. C. Stark, S. Sad, and L. Krishnan (2009)
Cancer Res. 69, 4327-4334
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulatory T cells differentially modulate the maturation and apoptosis of human CD8+ T-cell subsets.
M. Nikolova, J.-D. Lelievre, M. Carriere, A. Bensussan, and Y. Levy (2009)
Blood 113, 4556-4565
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cognate CD4 help is essential for the reactivation and expansion of CD8 memory T cells directed against the hematopoietic cell-specific dominant minor histocompatibility antigen, H60.
S. J. Ryu, K. M. Jung, H. S. Yoo, T. W. Kim, S. Kim, J. Chang, and E. Y. Choi (2009)
Blood 113, 4273-4280
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Early Infection Termination Affects Number of CD8+ Memory T Cells and Protective Capacities in Listeria monocytogenes-Infected Mice upon Rechallenge.
K.-E. Tseng, C.-Y. Chung, W. S. H'ng, and S.-L. Wang (2009)
J. Immunol. 182, 4590-4600
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PLC-{gamma}2 is essential for formation and maintenance of memory B cells.
M. Hikida, S. Casola, N. Takahashi, T. Kaji, T. Takemori, K. Rajewsky, and T. Kurosaki (2009)
J. Exp. Med. 206, 681-689
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Resting Human Memory B Cells Are Intrinsically Programmed for Enhanced Survival and Responsiveness to Diverse Stimuli Compared to Naive B Cells.
K. L. Good, D. T. Avery, and S. G. Tangye (2009)
J. Immunol. 182, 890-901
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Frequency and Phenotype of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope-Specific B Cells from Patients with Broadly Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies.
N. A. Doria-Rose, R. M. Klein, M. M. Manion, S. O'Dell, A. Phogat, B. Chakrabarti, C. W. Hallahan, S. A. Migueles, J. Wrammert, R. Ahmed, et al. (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 188-199
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of phenotypically distinct B-cell subsets and receptor-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in human cord blood B cells.
Y. J. Ha, Y.-C. Mun, C.-M. Seong, and J. R. Lee (2008)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 84, 1557-1564
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cutting Edge: Local Recall Responses by Memory T Cells Newly Recruited to Peripheral Nonlymphoid Tissues.
L. M. Wakim, T. Gebhardt, W. R. Heath, and F. R. Carbone (2008)
J. Immunol. 181, 5837-5841
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
OX40 Costimulatory Signals Potentiate the Memory Commitment of Effector CD8+ T Cells.
S. F. Mousavi, P. Soroosh, T. Takahashi, Y. Yoshikai, H. Shen, L. Lefrancois, J. Borst, K. Sugamura, and N. Ishii (2008)
J. Immunol. 181, 5990-6001
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bone Marrow Precursor Cells from Aged Mice Generate CD4 T Cells That Function Well in Primary and Memory Responses.
S. M. Eaton, A. C. Maue, S. L. Swain, and L. Haynes (2008)
J. Immunol. 181, 4825-4831
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antigen-specific T-T interactions regulate CD4 T-cell expansion.
J. Helft, A. Jacquet, N. T. Joncker, I. Grandjean, G. Dorothee, A. Kissenpfennig, B. Malissen, P. Matzinger, and O. Lantz (2008)
Blood 112, 1249-1258
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Autoreactive IgG memory antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus arise from nonreactive and polyreactive precursors.
B. Mietzner, M. Tsuiji, J. Scheid, K. Velinzon, T. Tiller, K. Abraham, J. B. Gonzalez, V. Pascual, D. Stichweh, H. Wardemann, et al. (2008)
PNAS 105, 9727-9732
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Long-Term Functionality of TCR-Transduced T Cells In Vivo.
M. Coccoris, E. Swart, M. A. de Witte, J. W. J. van Heijst, J. B. A. G. Haanen, K. Schepers, and T. N. M. Schumacher (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 6536-6543
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cutting Edge: Enhanced IL-2 Signaling Can Convert Self-Specific T Cell Response from Tolerance to Autoimmunity.
J. Waithman, T. Gebhardt, G. M. Davey, W. R. Heath, and F. R. Carbone (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 5789-5793
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pathogen Proliferation Governs the Magnitude but Compromises the Function of CD8 T Cells.
S. Sad, R. Dudani, K. Gurnani, M. Russell, H. van Faassen, B. Finlay, and L. Krishnan (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 5853-5861
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional and genomic profiling of effector CD8 T cell subsets with distinct memory fates.
S. Sarkar, V. Kalia, W. N. Haining, B. T. Konieczny, S. Subramaniam, and R. Ahmed (2008)
J. Exp. Med. 205, 625-640
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Role for Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in the Generation and Function of Memory CD8+ T Cells.
T. Wang, H. Dai, N. Wan, Y. Moore, and Z. Dai (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 2886-2893
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutation in the Fas Pathway Impairs CD8+ T Cell Memory.
R. Dudani, M. Russell, H. van Faassen, L. Krishnan, and S. Sad (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 2933-2941
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proliferative Expansion and Acquisition of Effector Activity by Memory CD4+ T Cells in the Lungs following Pulmonary Virus Infection.
E. L. Wissinger, W. W. Stevens, S. M. Varga, and T. J. Braciale (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 2957-2966
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Magnitude of the Antibody and Memory B Cell Responses during Priming with a Protein-Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine in Human Infants Is Associated with the Persistence of Antibody and the Intensity of Booster Response.
G. B. Rohner, M. D. Snape, D. F. Kelly, T. John, A. Morant, L.-M. Yu, A. Borkowski, F. Ceddia, R. Borrow, C.-A. Siegrist, et al. (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 2165-2173
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel Vaccination Protocol with Two Live Mucosal Vectors Elicits Strong Cell-Mediated Immunity in the Vagina and Protects against Vaginal Virus Challenge.
Z. Li, M. Zhang, C. Zhou, X. Zhao, N. Iijima, and F. R. Frankel (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 2504-2513
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effector CD8 T Cell Development: A Balancing Act between Memory Cell Potential and Terminal Differentiation.
N. S. Joshi and S. M. Kaech (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 1309-1315
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetic and Mechanistic Requirements for Helping CD8 T Cells.
P. Agnellini, M. Wiesel, K. Schwarz, P. Wolint, M. F. Bachmann, and A. Oxenius (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 1517-1525
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Long-lived virus-reactive memory T cells generated from purified cytokine-secreting T helper type 1 and type 2 effectors.
M. Lohning, A. N. Hegazy, D. D. Pinschewer, D. Busse, K. S. Lang, T. Hofer, A. Radbruch, R. M. Zinkernagel, and H. Hengartner (2008)
J. Exp. Med. 205, 53-61
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Initiation of the adaptive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends on antigen production in the local lymph node, not the lungs.
A. J. Wolf, L. Desvignes, B. Linas, N. Banaiee, T. Tamura, K. Takatsu, and J. D. Ernst (2008)
J. Exp. Med. 205, 105-115
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD22 Regulates Time Course of Both B Cell Division and Antibody Response.
T. Onodera, J. C. Poe, T. F. Tedder, and T. Tsubata (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 907-913
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bystander Central Memory but Not Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells Suppress Allograft Rejection.
N. Wan, H. Dai, T. Wang, Y. Moore, X. X. Zheng, and Z. Dai (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 113-121
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Human B Cell Differentiation into Ig-Secreting Cells: Predominant Role of IL-21 Produced by CXCR5+ T Follicular Helper Cells.
V. L. Bryant, C. S. Ma, D. T. Avery, Y. Li, K. L. Good, L. M. Corcoran, R. de Waal Malefyt, and S. G. Tangye (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 8180-8190
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CCL2 Inhibits the Apoptosis Program Induced by Growth Factor Deprivation, Rescuing Functional T Cells.
E. Diaz-Guerra, R. Vernal, M. J. del Prete, A. Silva, and J. A. Garcia-Sanz (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 7352-7357
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptional Profiling of Antigen-Dependent Murine B Cell Differentiation and Memory Formation.
D. Bhattacharya, M. T. Cheah, C. B. Franco, N. Hosen, C. L. Pin, W. C. Sha, and I. L. Weissman (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 6808-6819
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Duration of Humoral Immunity to Common Viral and Vaccine Antigens.
I. J. Amanna, N. E. Carlson, and M. K. Slifka (2007)
N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 1903-1915
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A role for TNF in limiting the duration of CTL effector phase and magnitude of CD8 T cell memory.
A. Singh and M. Suresh (2007)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 82, 1201-1211
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Discriminating between Different Pathways of Memory CD8+ T Cell Differentiation.
V. V. Ganusov (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 5006-5013
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
New markers for murine memory B cells that define mutated and unmutated subsets.
S. M. Anderson, M. M. Tomayko, A. Ahuja, A. M. Haberman, and M. J. Shlomchik (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 2103-2114
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid default transition of CD4 T cell effectors to functional memory cells.
K. K. McKinstry, S. Golech, W.-H. Lee, G. Huston, N.-P. Weng, and S. L. Swain (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 2199-2211
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of CD4-Independent E7-Specific CD8+ Memory Response by Heat Shock Fusion Protein.
H. Liu, B. H. Wu, G. J. Rowse, and P. C. R. Emtage (2007)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 14, 1013-1023
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of IL-7 receptor {alpha} is necessary but not sufficient for the formation of memory CD8 T cells during viral infection.
T. W. Hand, M. Morre, and S. M. Kaech (2007)
PNAS 104, 11730-11735
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human IgM+CD27+ B Cells: Memory B Cells or "Memory" B Cells?.
S. G. Tangye and K. L. Good (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 13-19
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Memory CD8+ T cells are gatekeepers of the lymph node draining the site of viral infection.
R.-H. Xu, M. Fang, A. Klein-Szanto, and L. J. Sigal (2007)
PNAS 104, 10992-10997
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A New Population of Cells Lacking Expression of CD27 Represents a Notable Component of the B Cell Memory Compartment in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
C. Wei, J. Anolik, A. Cappione, B. Zheng, A. Pugh-Bernard, J. Brooks, E.-H. Lee, E. C. B. Milner, and I. Sanz (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 6624-6633
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human CD4+ T Cells Displaying Viral Epitopes Elicit a Functional Virus-Specific Memory CD8+ T Cell Response.
E. Adamopoulou, J. Diekmann, E. Tolosa, G. Kuntz, H. Einsele, H.-G. Rammensee, and M. S. Topp (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 5465-5472
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhancement and suppression of signaling by the conserved tail of IgG memory-type B cell antigen receptors.
K. Horikawa, S. W. Martin, S. L. Pogue, K. Silver, K. Peng, K. Takatsu, and C. C. Goodnow (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 759-769
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynamic Relationship between IFN-{gamma} and IL-2 Profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific T Cells and Antigen Load.
K. A. Millington, J. A. Innes, S. Hackforth, T. S. C. Hinks, J. J. Deeks, D. P. S. Dosanjh, V. Guyot-Revol, R. Gunatheesan, P. Klenerman, and A. Lalvani (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 5217-5226
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Four Functionally Distinct Populations of Human Effector-Memory CD8+ T Lymphocytes.
P. Romero, A. Zippelius, I. Kurth, M. J. Pittet, C. Touvrey, E. M. Iancu, P. Corthesy, E. Devevre, D. E. Speiser, and N. Rufer (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 4112-4119
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Suppression of Memory CD8 T Cell Generation and Function by Tryptophan Catabolism.
Z. Liu, H. Dai, N. Wan, T. Wang, S. Bertera, M. Trucco, and Z. Dai (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 4260-4266
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tyk2 Signaling in Host Environment Plays an Important Role in Contraction of Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells following a Microbial Infection.
W. Li, H. Yamada, T. Yajima, R. Nakagawa, K. Shimoda, K. Nakayama, and Y. Yoshikai (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 4482-4488
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The role of cells refractory to productive infection in acute hepatitis B viral dynamics.
S. M. Ciupe, R. M. Ribeiro, P. W. Nelson, G. Dusheiko, and A. S. Perelson (2007)
PNAS 104, 5050-5055
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells in the Liver: Armed and Ready to Kill.
R. Keating, W. Yue, J. A. Rutigliano, J. So, E. Olivas, P. G. Thomas, and P. C. Doherty (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 2737-2745
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary ecology of immune defence in copepods.
J. Kurtz (2007)
J. Plankton Res. 29, i27-i38
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Early acquisition of cytolytic function and transcriptional changes in a primary CD8+ T-cell response in vivo.
C. Chiu, A. G. Heaps, V. Cerundolo, A. J. McMichael, C. R. Bangham, and M. F. C. Callan (2007)
Blood 109, 1086-1094
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Maintenance of memory CD8+ T cell diversity and proliferative potential by a primary response upon re-challenge.
M. Kurachi, K. Kakimi, S. Ueha, and K. Matsushima (2007)
Int. Immunol. 19, 105-115
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-12-Programmed Long-Term CD8+ T Cell Responses Require STAT4.
Q. Li, C. Eppolito, K. Odunsi, and P. A. Shrikant (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 7618-7625
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD4+ T Cells in the Absence of the CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells Are Critical and Sufficient for NKT Cell-Dependent Tumor Rejection.
C. Hong, H. Lee, M. Oh, C.-Y. Kang, S. Hong, and S.-H. Park (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 6747-6757
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetics of Human B Cell Behavior and Amplification of Proliferative Responses following Stimulation with IL-21.
K. L. Good, V. L. Bryant, and S. G. Tangye (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 5236-5247
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impaired Memory CD8 T Cell Development in the Absence of Methyl-CpG-Binding Domain Protein 2.
E. N. Kersh (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 3821-3826
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pathogen responses to host immunity: the impact of time delays and memory on the evolution of virulence.
A Fenton, J Lello, and M.B Bonsall (2006)
Proc R Soc B 273, 2083-2090
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Delayed Expansion and Contraction of CD8+ T Cell Response during Infection with Virulent Salmonella typhimurium.
R. A. Luu, K. Gurnani, R. Dudani, R. Kammara, H. van Faassen, J.-C. Sirard, L. Krishnan, and S. Sad (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 1516-1525
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cutting Edge: Latecomer CD8 T Cells Are Imprinted with a Unique Differentiation Program.
W. N. D'Souza and S. M. Hedrick (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 777-781
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
c-Myc acts downstream of IL-15 in the regulation of memory CD8 T-cell homeostasis.
T. Bianchi, S. Gasser, A. Trumpp, and H. R. MacDonald (2006)
Blood 107, 3992-3999
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Secondary memory CD8+ T cells are more protective but slower to acquire a central-memory phenotype.
A. Jabbari and J. T. Harty (2006)
J. Exp. Med. 203, 919-932
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cutting edge: memory B cell survival and function in the absence of secreted antibody and immune complexes on follicular dendritic cells..
S. M. Anderson, L. G. Hannum, and M. J. Shlomchik (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 4515-4519
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DNA methylation by DNA methyltransferase 1 is critical for effector CD8 T cell expansion..
C. Chappell, C. Beard, J. Altman, R. Jaenisch, and J. Jacob (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 4562-4572
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of memory B cells using a novel transgenic mouse model..
C. P. Chappell and J. Jacob (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 4706-4715
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protective CD8+ T Cells Induced by Malaria Sporozoites Do Not Undergo Modulation of Interleukin-7 Receptor Expression.
A. Morrot, I. A. Cockburn, M. Overstreet, D. Rodriguez, and F. Zavala (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 2495-2497
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The phenotype and survival of antigen-stimulated transgenic CD4 T cells in vivo: the influence of persisting antigen.
C.-P. Yang, S. M. Sparshott, D. Duffy, P. Garside, and E. B. Bell (2006)
Int. Immunol. 18, 515-523
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Onset of CD8+-T-Cell Contraction Is Influenced by the Peak of Listeria monocytogenes Infection and Antigen Display.
B. B. Porter and J. T. Harty (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 1528-1536
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-15 Regulates CD8+ T Cell Contraction during Primary Infection.
T. Yajima, K. Yoshihara, K. Nakazato, S. Kumabe, S. Koyasu, S. Sad, H. Shen, H. Kuwano, and Y. Yoshikai (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 507-515
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evaluation of OX40 Ligand as a Costimulator of Human Antiviral Memory CD8 T Cell Responses: Comparison with B7.1 and 4-1BBL.
L. Serghides, J. Bukczynski, T. Wen, C. Wang, J.-P. Routy, M.-R. Boulassel, R.-P. Sekaly, M. Ostrowski, N. F. Bernard, and T. H. Watts (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 6368-6377
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antibodies and CD8+ T Cells Are Complementary and Essential for Natural Resistance to a Highly Lethal Cytopathic Virus.
M. Fang and L. J. Sigal (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 6829-6836
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cutting Edge: Memory CD8 T Cell Maturation Occurs Independently of CD8{alpha}{alpha}.
A. Chandele and S. M. Kaech (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 5619-5623
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recall Proliferation Potential of Memory CD8+ T Cells and Antiviral Protection.
M. F. Bachmann, P. Wolint, K. Schwarz, and A. Oxenius (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 4677-4685
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lack of ICAM-1 on APCs during T Cell Priming Leads to Poor Generation of Central Memory Cells.
N. Parameswaran, R. Suresh, V. Bal, S. Rath, and A. George (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 2201-2211
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
T Cell Memory in the Lung Airways.
D. L. Woodland and I. Scott (2005)
Proceedings of the ATS 2, 126-131
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Flt3 Ligand-Generated Murine Plasmacytoid and Conventional Dendritic Cells Differ in Their Capacity to Prime Naive CD8 T Cells and to Generate Memory Cells In Vivo.
G. S. Angelov, M. Tomkowiak, A. Marcais, Y. Leverrier, and J. Marvel (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 189-195
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pathology during acute infections: contributions of intracellular pathogens and the CTL response.
V. V Ganusov and R. Antia (2005)
Biol Lett 1, 239-242
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV-1-specific IFN-{gamma}/IL-2-secreting CD8 T cells support CD4-independent proliferation of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells.
S. C. Zimmerli, A. Harari, C. Cellerai, F. Vallelian, P.-A. Bart, and G. Pantaleo (2005)
PNAS 102, 7239-7244
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of CXCR3 and CXCR4 expression during terminal differentiation of memory B cells into plasma cells.
G. Muehlinghaus, L. Cigliano, S. Huehn, A. Peddinghaus, H. Leyendeckers, A. E. Hauser, F. Hiepe, A. Radbruch, S. Arce, and R. A. Manz (2005)
Blood 105, 3965-3971
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reducing the Stimulation of CD8+ T Cells during Infection with Intracellular Bacteria Promotes Differentiation Primarily into a Central (CD62LhighCD44high) Subset.
H. van Faassen, M. Saldanha, D. Gilbertson, R. Dudani, L. Krishnan, and S. Sad (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 5341-5350
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Yersinia pestis V Protein Epitopes Recognized by CD4 T Cells.
M. A. Parent, K. N. Berggren, I. K. Mullarky, F. M. Szaba, L. W. Kummer, J. J. Adamovicz, and S. T. Smiley (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 2197-2204
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
T Cells in G1 Provide a Memory-Like Response to Secondary Stimulation.
I. Munitic, P. E. Ryan, and J. D. Ashwell (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 4010-4018
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Complement receptors regulate differentiation of bone marrow plasma cell precursors expressing transcription factors Blimp-1 and XBP-1.
D. Gatto, T. Pfister, A. Jegerlehner, S. W. Martin, M. Kopf, and M. F. Bachmann (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 201, 993-1005
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Novel Role of IL-15 in Early Activation of Memory CD8+ CTL after Reinfection.
T. Yajima, H. Nishimura, S. Sad, H. Shen, H. Kuwano, and Y. Yoshikai (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 3590-3597
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)