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Science 29 October 1993:
Vol. 262. no. 5134, pp. 689 - 695
DOI: 10.1126/science.7901908

Articles

Science, Vol 262, Issue 5134, 689-695
Copyright © 1993 by American Association for the Advancement of Science


articles

Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders

JT Coyle and P Puttfarcken

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02178.

There is an increasing amount of experimental evidence that oxidative stress is a causal, or at least an ancillary, factor in the neuropathology of several adult neurodegenerative disorders, as well as in stroke, trauma, and seizures. At the same time, excessive or persistent activation of glutamate-gated ion channels may cause neuronal degeneration in these same conditions. Glutamate and related acidic amino acids are thought to be the major excitatory neurotransmitters in brain and may be utilized by 40 percent of the synapses. Thus, two broad mechanisms--oxidative stress and excessive activation of glutamate receptors--are converging and represent sequential as well as interacting processes that provide a final common pathway for cell vulnerability in the brain. The broad distribution in brain of the processes regulating oxidative stress and mediating glutamatergic neurotransmission may explain the wide range of disorders in which both have been implicated. Yet differential expression of components of the processes in particular neuronal systems may account for selective neurodegeneration in certain disorders.


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From the Cover: Delayed-onset ataxia in mice lacking alpha -tocopherol transfer protein: Model for neuronal degeneration caused by chronic oxidative stress.
T. Yokota, K. Igarashi, T. Uchihara, K.-i. Jishage, H. Tomita, A. Inaba, Y. Li, M. Arita, H. Suzuki, H. Mizusawa, et al. (2001)
PNAS 98, 15185-15190
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Pictorial Review of Glutamate Excitotoxicity: Fundamental Concepts for Neuroimaging.
L. P. Mark, R. W. Prost, J. L. Ulmer, M. M. Smith, D. L. Daniels, J. M. Strottmann, W. D. Brown, and L. Hacein-Bey (2001)
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 22, 1813-1824
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Calcium Entry through L-type Calcium Channels Causes Mitochondrial Disruption and Chromaffin Cell Death.
M. F. Cano-Abad, M. Villarroya, A. G. Garcia, N. H. Gabilan, and M. G. Lopez (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 39695-39704
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Inherited neurodegenerative diseases: the one-hit model of neurodegeneration.
G. Clarke, C. J. Lumsden, and R. R. McInnes (2001)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 10, 2269-2275
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Ebselen Reduces Cytochrome c Release From Mitochondria and Subsequent DNA Fragmentation After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice.
S. Namura, I. Nagata, S. Takami, H. Masayasu, and H. Kikuchi (2001)
Stroke 32, 1906-1911
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Depletion of circulating {alpha}2-antiplasmin by intravenous plasmin or immunoneutralization reduces focal cerebral ischemic injury in the absence of arterial recanalization.
N. Nagai, M. De Mol, B. Van Hoef, M. Verstreken, and D. Collen (2001)
Blood 97, 3086-3092
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How Protein Kinase C Activation Protects Nerve Cells from Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death.
P. Maher (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 2929-2938
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Neuroprotection Mediated by Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: Involvement of a Reduction of NMDA-Induced Calcium Influx by the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway.
O. Nicole, C. Ali, F. Docagne, L. Plawinski, E. T. MacKenzie, D. Vivien, and A. Buisson (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 3024-3033
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Hypoglycemia Enhances Ionotropic But Reduces Metabotropic Glutamate Responses in Substantia Nigra Dopaminergic Neurons.
S. Marinelli, M. Federici, P. Giacomini, G. Bernardi, and N. B. Mercuri (2001)
J Neurophysiol 85, 1159-1166
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Behavioral Activation in Rats Requires Endogenous Ascorbate Release in Striatum.
G. V. Rebec and Z. Wang (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 668-675
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Melatonin protects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in rats: a role for mitochondrial complex I activity.
F. DABBENI-SALA, S. DI SANTO, D. FRANCESCHINI, S. D. SKAPER, and P. GIUSTI (2001)
FASEB J 15, 164-170
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Unequal Expression of Allelic Kainate Receptor GluR7 mRNAs in Human Brains.
H. H. Schiffer, G. T. Swanson, E. Masliah, and S. F. Heinemann (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 9025-9033
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RGC Death in Mice after Optic Nerve Crush Injury: Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection.
H. Levkovitch–Verbin, C. Harris–Cerruti, Y. Groner, L. A. Wheeler, M. Schwartz, and E. Yoles (2000)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 4169-4174
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NMDA and Glutamate Evoke Excitotoxicity at Distinct Cellular Locations in Rat Cortical Neurons In Vitro.
J. D. Sinor, S. Du, S. Venneti, R. C. Blitzblau, D. N. Leszkiewicz, P. A. Rosenberg, and E. Aizenman (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 8831-8837
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Neuroprotective Role of Dopamine Against Hippocampal Cell Death.
Y. Bozzi, D. Vallone, and E. Borrelli (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 8643-8649
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