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Science 20 November 1992:
Vol. 258. no. 5086, pp. 1348 - 1350
DOI: 10.1126/science.258.5086.1348
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Articles

Predator-Induced Phenotypical Change in Body Morphology in Crucian Carp

Christer Brönmark 1 and Jeffrey G. Miner 1

1 Department of Ecology, University of Lund, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden

In a field experiment where the presence or absence of piscivorous pike (Esox lucius) in ponds was manipulated, the morphology of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) diverged, such that individuals became deeper bodied in pond sections with pike. A laboratory experiment confirmed that the presence of this predator induced a change in body morphology in the carp. Estimation of prey vulnerability to predation by pike, a gape-limited predator, revealed that this increase in body depth resulted in crucian carp reaching a size that provided refuge from predation. However, this change in morphology incurs a cost through an increase in drag when the carp are swimming. Because crucian carp are limited by resources in the absence of piscivores and by the substantial cost of the defensive morph in their presence, phenotypic plasticity should be the optimal strategy for this species.

Submitted on May 1, 1992
Accepted on August 21, 1992


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