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Science 19 July 1991:
Vol. 253. no. 5017, pp. 275 - 280
DOI: 10.1126/science.253.5017.275
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Articles

Fallout of Pyroclastic Debris from Submarine Volcanic Eruptions

KATHARINE V. CASHMAN 1 and RICHARD S. FISKE 2

1 Department of Geological and Geophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
2 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, NHB-119, Washington, DC 20560

Volcanic fallout deposits on land, being widespread and accessible for study, have received much attention and have revealed a great deal about subaerial eruption mechanisms. In contrast, virtually nothing is known about equivalent deposits produced by submarine volcanoes, despite the probable abundance of such material in today's oceans and in accreted volcanic arc terrains. Many submarine deposits may form by the fallout of debris to the sea floor downcurrent from the umbrella region of submarine eruption columns. Experiments on water-saturated pumice and pieces of rock (lithics) show that particles settling to the sea floor at terminal velocities of 10 to 50 centimeters per second will display conspicuous bimodality of particle diameters: pieces of pumice may be five to ten times as large as codeposited lithic fragments. Similar material, erupted into the air and deposited on land, displays less well-developed bimodality; pumice diameters are generally two to three times as large as associated lithics. Submarine fallout deposits are therefore distinctive and may be used to indicate a subaqueous origin for some of the great thicknesses of nonfossiliferous volcanic debris contained in ancient volcanic terrains worldwide whose environment of deposition has been uncertain.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
A facies model for a submarine volcaniclastic apron: The Miocene Manukau Subgroup, New Zealand.
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Silicic magmas of Protector Shoal, South Sandwich arc: indicators of generation of primitive continental crust in an island arc.
P. T. LEAT, R. D. LARTER, and I. L. MILLAR (2007)
Geological Magazine 144, 179-190
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Remelting of an Andesitic Crust as a Possible Origin for Rhyolitic Magma in Oceanic Arcs: an Example from the Izu-Bonin Arc.
Y. TAMURA and Y. TATSUMI (2002)
J. Petrology 43, 1029-1047
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Subaqueous Explosive Eruption and Welding of Pyroclastic Deposits.
P. Kokelaar, P. Kokelaar, and C. Busby (1992)
Science 257, 196-201
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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)