Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 19 January 1990:
Vol. 247. no. 4940, pp. 301 - 306
DOI: 10.1126/science.2296719
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

Science, Vol 247, Issue 4940, 301-306
Copyright © 1990 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Priming and human memory systems

E Tulving and DL Schacter

University of Toronto, Canada.

Priming is a nonconscious form of human memory, which is concerned with perceptual identification of words and objects and which has only recently been recognized as separate from other forms of memory or memory systems. It is currently under intense experimental scrutiny. Evidence is converging for the proposition that priming is an expression of a perceptual representation system that operates at a pre-semantic level; it emerges early in development, and access to it lacks the kind of flexibility characteristic of other cognitive memory systems. Conceptual priming, however, seems to be based on the operations of semantic memory.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Time Bomb?: The Dynamic Effect of News and Symbols on the Political Identity of European Citizens.
M. Bruter (2009)
Comparative Political Studies 42, 1498-1536
   Abstract »    PDF »
Why Love Has Wings and Sex Has Not: How Reminders of Love and Sex Influence Creative and Analytic Thinking.
J. Forster, K. Epstude, and A. Ozelsel (2009)
Pers Soc Psychol Bull 35, 1479-1491
   Abstract »    PDF »
Memory and Brain Systems: 1969-2009.
L. R. Squire (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 12711-12716
   Full Text »    PDF »
Object Representations for Multiple Visual Categories Overlap in Lateral Occipital and Medial Fusiform Cortex.
G. Pourtois, S. Schwartz, M. Spiridon, R. Martuzzi, and P. Vuilleumier (2009)
Cereb Cortex 19, 1806-1819
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Remembering Outside the Box.
L. M. Saksida (2009)
Science 325, 40-41
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Layer 6 of V2 Visual Cortex in Object-Recognition Memory.
M. F. Lopez-Aranda, J. F. Lopez-Tellez, I. Navarro-Lobato, M. Masmudi-Martin, A. Gutierrez, and Z. U. Khan (2009)
Science 325, 87-89
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Repeated text in unrelated passages: Repetition versus meaning selection effects.
C. M. Klin, A. M. Drumm, and A. S. Ralano (2009)
Mem Cognit 37, 556-568
   Abstract »    PDF »
Performance benefits and costs in forced choice perceptual identification in amnesia: Effects of prior exposure and word frequency.
M. M. Keane, E. Martin, and M. Verfaellie (2009)
Mem Cognit 37, 655-666
   Abstract »    PDF »
Repetition Priming Influences Distinct Brain Systems: Evidence From Task-Evoked Data and Resting-State Correlations.
G. S. Wig, R. L. Buckner, and D. L. Schacter (2009)
J Neurophysiol 101, 2632-2648
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neural Dynamics in Inferior Temporal Cortex during a Visual Working Memory Task.
L. Woloszyn and D. L. Sheinberg (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 5494-5507
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bias effects in the possible/impossible object decision test with matching objects.
A. Soldan, H. J. Hilton, and Y. Stern (2009)
Mem Cognit 37, 235-247
   Abstract »    PDF »
Experience-Dependent Eye Movements Reflect Hippocampus-Dependent (Aware) Memory.
C. N. Smith and L. R. Squire (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 12825-12833
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Interactivist-Hermeneutic Metatheory for Positive Psychology.
J. Chambers Christopher and R. L. Campbell (2008)
Theory Psychology 18, 675-697
   Abstract »    PDF »
On the immunity of perceptual implicit memory to manipulations of attention.
B. R. NEWELL, T. CAVENETT, and S. ANDREWS (2008)
Mem Cognit 36, 725-734
   Abstract »    PDF »
Spoken Word Memory Traces within the Human Auditory Cortex Revealed by Repetition Priming and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
P. Gagnepain, G. Chetelat, B. Landeau, J. Dayan, F. Eustache, and K. Lebreton (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 5281-5289
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intuition versus analysis: Strategy and experience in complex everyday problem solving.
J. E. PRETZ (2008)
Mem Cognit 36, 554-566
   Abstract »    PDF »
Are awareness questionnaires valid? Investigating the use of posttest questionnaires for assessing awareness in implicit memory tests.
T. M. BARNHARDT and L. GERACI (2008)
Mem Cognit 36, 53-64
   Abstract »    PDF »
Repetition Suppression in Monkey Inferotemporal Cortex: Relation to Behavioral Priming.
D. B. T. McMahon and C. R. Olson (2007)
J Neurophysiol 97, 3532-3543
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regional Specificity of Format-Specific Priming Effects in Mirror Word Reading Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
L. Ryan and D. Schnyer (2007)
Cereb Cortex 17, 982-992
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Visual Area V5/MT Remembers "What" but Not "Where".
G. Campana, A. Cowey, and V. Walsh (2006)
Cereb Cortex 16, 1766-1770
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Experience-Dependent Eye Movements, Awareness, and Hippocampus-Dependent Memory..
C. N. Smith, R. O. Hopkins, and L. R. Squire (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 11304-11312
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lost forever or temporarily misplaced? The long debate about the nature of memory impairment..
L. R. Squire (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 522-529
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Attentional modulation of perceptual stabilization.
R. Kanai and F. A.J Verstraten (2006)
Proc R Soc B 273, 1217-1222
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Beyond visual conventions: Rethinking the design of tactile diagrams.
L. Thompson and E. Chronicle (2006)
British Journal of Visual Impairment 24, 76-82
   Abstract »    PDF »
Retention of Adaptive Control Over Varying Intervals: Prevention of Slip- Induced Backward Balance Loss During Gait.
T. Bhatt, E. Wang, and Y.-C. Pai (2006)
J Neurophysiol 95, 2913-2922
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reduced functional brain activity response in cognitively intact apolipoprotein E {varepsilon}4 carriers.
J. Lind, J. Persson, M. Ingvar, A. Larsson, M. Cruts, C. Van Broeckhoven, R. Adolfsson, L. Backman, L.-G. Nilsson, K. M. Petersson, et al. (2006)
Brain 129, 1240-1248
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neuroanatomical Dissociation of Encoding Processes Related to Priming and Explicit Memory.
B. H. Schott, A. Richardson-Klavehn, R. N. A. Henson, C. Becker, H.-J. Heinze, and E. Duzel (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 792-800
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Haptics in Education: Exploring an Untapped Sensory Modality.
J. Minogue and M. G. Jones (2006)
Review of Educational Research 76, 317-348
   Abstract »    PDF »
The effect of music on cognitive performance: insight from neurobiological and animal studies..
N. S. Rickard, S. R. Toukhsati, and S. E. Field (2005)
Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 4, 235-261
   Abstract »    PDF »
Filling-in in Schizophrenia: a High-density Electrical Mapping and Source-analysis Investigation of Illusory Contour Processing.
J. J. Foxe, M. M. Murray, and D. C. Javitt (2005)
Cereb Cortex 15, 1914-1927
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Rise and Fall of Priming: How Visual Exposure Shapes Cortical Representations of Objects.
L. Zago, M. J. Fenske, E. Aminoff, and M. Bar (2005)
Cereb Cortex 15, 1655-1665
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Ferrier Lecture 2004 What can transcranial magnetic stimulation tell us about how the brain works?.
A. Cowey (2005)
Phil Trans R Soc B 360, 1185-1205
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Perceptual Continuity and the Emergence of Perceptual Persistence in the Ventral Visual Pathway.
M.-E. Large, A. Aldcroft, and T. Vilis (2005)
J Neurophysiol 93, 3453-3462
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Attentional Modulation of Learning-Related Repetition Attenuation Effects in Human Parahippocampal Cortex.
D.-J. Yi and M. M. Chun (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 3593-3600
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Redefining implicit and explicit memory: The functional neuroanatomy of priming, remembering, and control of retrieval.
B. H. Schott, R. N. Henson, A. Richardson-Klavehn, C. Becker, V. Thoma, H.-J. Heinze, and E. Duzel (2005)
PNAS 102, 1257-1262
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Oscillatory Brain Activity Dissociates between Associative Stimulus Content in a Repetition Priming Task in the Human EEG.
T. Gruber and M. M. Muller (2005)
Cereb Cortex 15, 109-116
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Temporal and Cerebellar Brain Regions that Support both Declarative Memory Formation and Retrieval.
S. Weis, P. Klaver, J. Reul, C. E. Elger, and G. Fernandez (2004)
Cereb Cortex 14, 256-267
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Implicit Memory Varies as a Function of Hypnotic Electroencephalogram Stage in Surgical Patients.
S. Munte, T. F. Munte, J. Grotkamp, G. Haeseler, K. Raymondos, S. Piepenbrock, and G. Kraus (2003)
Anesth. Analg. 97, 132-138
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Different time courses for visual perception and action priming.
D. Vorberg, U. Mattler, A. Heinecke, T. Schmidt, and J. Schwarzbach (2003)
PNAS 100, 6275-6280
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hierarchical versus parallel processing in tactile object recognition: A behavioural-neuroanatomical study of aperceptive tactile agnosia.
S. Bohlhalter, C. Fretz, and B. Weder (2002)
Brain 125, 2537-2548
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The effects of single-dose lorazepam on memory and behavioural learning.
A. Matthews, K. C. Kirkby, and F. Martin (2002)
J Psychopharmacol 16, 345-354
   Abstract »    PDF »
Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia: Gradual Acquisition of Factual Information by Nondeclarative Memory.
P. J. Bayley and L. R. Squire (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 5741-5748
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Changes in Emotional Responses to Aversive Pictures Across Periods Rich in Slow-Wave Sleep Versus Rapid Eye Movement Sleep.
U. Wagner, S. Fischer, and J. Born (2002)
Psychosom Med 64, 627-634
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Illusory Contour Processing: Combined High-Density Electrical Mapping, Source Analysis, and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
M. M. Murray, G. R. Wylie, B. A. Higgins, D. C. Javitt, C. E. Schroeder, and J. J. Foxe (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 5055-5073
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Priming of Motion Direction and Area V5/MT: a Test of Perceptual Memory.
G. Campana, A. Cowey, and V. Walsh (2002)
Cereb Cortex 12, 663-669
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Memory performance in panic disorder patients after chronic use of clomipramine.
S. C. de Carvalho, T. Marcourakis, R. Artes, and C. Gorenstein (2002)
J Psychopharmacol 16, 220-226
   Abstract »    PDF »
Deja Vu: Possible Parahippocampal Mechanisms.
J. Spatt (2002)
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14, 6-10
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence of Odor Priming: Edibility Judgements are Primed Differently between the Hemispheres.
M. J. Olsson and M. Friden (2001)
Chem Senses 26, 117-123
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neurological and general outcome in low-risk coronary artery bypass patients using heparin coated circuits.
S. Svenmarker, E. Sandstrom, T. Karlsson, S. Haggmark, E. Jansson, M. Appelblad, R. Lindholm, and T. Aberg (2001)
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 19, 47-53
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence for Separate Perceptive and Semantic Memories for Odours: a Priming Experiment.
O. Koenig, G. Bourron, and J.-P. Royet (2000)
Chem Senses 25, 703-708
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Task-specific Repetition Priming in Left Inferior Prefrontal Cortex.
A. D. Wagner, W. Koutstaal, A. Maril, D. L. Schacter, and R. L. Buckner (2000)
Cereb Cortex 10, 1176-1184
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Word repetition in amnesia: Electrophysiological measures of impaired and spared memory.
J. M. Olichney, C. Van Petten, K. A. Paller, D. P. Salmon, V. J. Iragui, and M. Kutas (2000)
Brain 123, 1948-1963
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A double-dissociation of behavioural and event-related potential effects of two benzodiazepines with similar potencies.
S. Pompeia, O. F. A. Bueno, L. M. Lucchesi, G. M. Manzano, J. C. F. Galduroz, and S. Tufik (2000)
J Psychopharmacol 14, 288-298
   Abstract »    PDF »
Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: Prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors.
G. Fenelon, F. Mahieux, R. Huon, and M. Ziegler (2000)
Brain 123, 733-745
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
No Implicit Memory for Stories Played during Isoflurane/Alfentanil/Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia: A Reading Speed Measurement.
S. Munte, E. Lullwitz, M. Leuwer, B. Mitzlaff, T. F. Munte, S. Hussein, and S. A. Piepenbrock (2000)
Anesth. Analg. 90, 733-738
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An examination of differences in the time course of oxazepam's effects on implicit vs explicit memory.
S. E. Buffett-Jerrott, S. H. Stewart, S. Bird, and M. D. Teehan (1998)
J Psychopharmacol 12, 338-347
   Abstract »    PDF »
Transient global amnesia: implicit/explicit memory dissociation and PET assessment of brain perfusion and oxygen metabolism in the acute stage.
F. Eustache, B. Desgranges, M.-C. Petit-Taboue, V. de la Sayette, V. Piot, C. Sable, G. Marchal, and J.-C. Baron (1997)
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 63, 357-367
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Time Course of Cortical Activations in Implicit and Explicit Recall.
R. D. Badgaiyan and M. I. Posner (1997)
J. Neurosci. 17, 4904-4913
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neuroanatomical correlates of implicit and explicit memory for structurally possible and impossible visual objects..
A Uecker, E M Reiman, D L Schacter, M R Polster, L A Cooper, L S Yun, and K Chen (1997)
Learn. Mem. 4, 337-355
   Abstract »    PDF »
Neural mechanisms for visual memory and their role in attention.
R. Desimone (1996)
PNAS 93, 13494-13499
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Illusory memories: A cognitive neuroscience analysis.
D. L. Schacter (1996)
PNAS 93, 13527-13533
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Memory Systems and the Psychoanalytic Retrieval of Memories of Trauma.
C. B. Brenneis (1996)
J Am Psychoanal Assoc 44, 1165-1187
   Abstract »    PDF »
Humanistic Neuroscience, Mentality, and Spirituality.
D. Dennis (1995)
Journal of Humanistic Psychology 35, 34-72
   Abstract »
Neuronal tuning and associative mechanisms in form representation..
K Sakai, Y Naya, and Y Miyashita (1994)
Learn. Mem. 1, 83-105
   Abstract »    PDF »
Parallel brain systems for learning with and without awareness..
P J Reber and L R Squire (1994)
Learn. Mem. 1, 217-229
   Abstract »    PDF »
The learning of categories: parallel brain systems for item memory and category knowledge.
B. Knowlton and L. Squire (1993)
Science 262, 1747-1749
   Abstract »    PDF »
Specific memory and sedative effects of the benzodiazepine triazolam.
H.J. Weingartner, E.M. Joyce, K.Y. Sirocco, C.M. Adams, M.J. Eckardt, T. George, and R.G. Lister (1993)
J Psychopharmacol 7, 305-315
   Abstract »    PDF »
Pharmacology of human memory and cognition: illustrations from the effects of benzodiazepines and cholinergic drugs.
J.M. Danion, H. Weingartner, S.E. File, R. Jaffard, T. Sunderland, E. Tulving, and D.M. Warburton (1993)
J Psychopharmacol 7, 371-377
   Abstract »    PDF »
Activation of extrastriate and frontal cortical areas by visual words and word-like stimuli.
S. Petersen, P. Fox, A. Snyder, and M. Raichle (1990)
Science 249, 1041-1044
   Abstract »    PDF »
Some Reflections on Visual Awareness.
F. Crick and C. Koch (1990)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 55, 953-962
   Abstract »    PDF »
Rhesus monkeys know when they remember.
R. R. Hampton (2001)
PNAS 98, 5359-5362
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The visual paired-comparison task as a measure of declarative memory.
J. R. Manns, C. E. L. Stark, and L. R. Squire (2000)
PNAS 97, 12375-12379
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)