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Science 9 December 1988:
Vol. 242. no. 4884, pp. 1418 - 1420
DOI: 10.1126/science.3201230
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Articles

Science, Vol 242, Issue 4884, 1418-1420
Copyright © 1988 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Many transcription factors interact synergistically with steroid receptors

R Schule, M Muller, C Kaltschmidt, and R Renkawitz

Max-Planck Institut fur Biochemie, Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany.

Progesterone (PRE) or glucocorticoid receptor (GRE) DNA binding sites are often found clustered with binding sites for other transcription factors. Individual protein binding sites were tested without the influence of adjacent factors by analyzing isolated combinations of several transcription factor binding sites with PREs or GREs. All show strong synergistic effects on steroid induction. The degree of synergism is inversely related to the strength of the GRE. Thus, a steroid responsive unit can be composed of several modules that, if positioned correctly, act synergistically.


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J. Biol. Chem. 270, 24502-24508
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Pit-1 binding to specific DNA sites as a monomer or dimer determines gene-specific use of a tyrosine-dependent synergy domain..
J M Holloway, D P Szeto, K M Scully, C K Glass, and M G Rosenfeld (1995)
Genes & Dev. 9, 1992-2006
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Role of Acidic and Phosphorylated Residues in Gene Activation by the Glucocorticoid Receptor.
T. Almlöf, A. P. H. Wright, and J. Gustafsson (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 17535-17540
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Retinoic Acid Induction of Human Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator Gene Expression via a Direct Repeat Element (DR5) Located at -7 Kilobases.
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Identification of Two Transcription Activation Units in the N-terminal Domain of the Human Androgen Receptor.
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S J Rhodes, R Chen, G E DiMattia, K M Scully, K A Kalla, S C Lin, V C Yu, and M G Rosenfeld (1993)
Genes & Dev. 7, 913-932
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Functional Antagonism between Oncoprotein c-Jun and Steroid Hormone Receptors.
R. Schule and R.M. Evans (1991)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 56, 119-127
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beta-globin dominant control region interacts differently with distal and proximal promoter elements..
M Antoniou and F Grosveld (1990)
Genes & Dev. 4, 1007-1013
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Transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells by sequence-specific DNA binding proteins.
P. Mitchell and R Tjian (1989)
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In vitro transcription enhancement by purified derivatives of the glucocorticoid receptor.
L. Freedman, S. Yoshinaga, J. Vanderbilt, and K. Yamamoto (1989)
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Functional Probing of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor Steroid-interacting Surface by Site-directed Mutagenesis. Gln-642 PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN STEROID RECOGNITION AND BINDING.
U. Lind, P. Greenidge, M. Gillner, K. F. Koehler, A. Wright, and J. Carlstedt-Duke (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 19041-19049
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