Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.


Science 23 January 1987:
Vol. 235. no. 4787, pp. 473 - 476
DOI: 10.1126/science.2432665

Articles

Science, Vol 235, Issue 4787, 473-476
Copyright © 1987 by American Association for the Advancement of Science


articles

Macrophage cytotoxicity: role for L-arginine deiminase and imino nitrogen oxidation to nitrite

JB Hibbs Jr, RR Taintor, and Z Vavrin

Previous studies have shown that cytotoxic activated macrophages cause inhibition of DNA synthesis, of mitochondrial respiration, and of aconitase activity in tumor target cells. An L-arginine-dependent biochemical pathway synthesizing L-citrulline and nitrite, coupled to an effector mechanism, is now shown to cause this pattern of metabolic inhibition. Murine cytotoxic activated macrophages synthesize L-citrulline and nitrite in the presence of L-arginine but not D-arginine. L-Citrulline and nitrite biosynthesis by cytotoxic activated macrophages is inhibited by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, which also inhibits this cytotoxic effector mechanism. This activated macrophage cytotoxic effector system is associated with L-arginine deiminase activity, and the imino nitrogen removed from the guanido group of L-arginine by the deiminase reaction subsequently undergoes oxidation to nitrite. L-Homoarginine, an alternative substrate for this deiminase, is converted to L-homocitrulline with concurrent nitrite synthesis and similar biologic effects.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
How We Learned to Say NO.
P. M. Vanhoutte (2009)
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29, 1156-1160
   Full Text »    PDF »
Dietary arginine stimulates humoral and cell-mediated immunity in chickens vaccinated and challenged against hydropericardium syndrome virus.
K. Munir, M. A. Muneer, E. Masaoud, A. Tiwari, A. Mahmud, R. M. Chaudhry, and A. Rashid (2009)
Poult. Sci. 88, 1629-1638
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cardiovascular prevention by dietary nitrate and nitrite.
J. O. Lundberg (2009)
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296, H1221-H1223
   Full Text »    PDF »
Participation of K+ Channels in the Endothelium-Dependent and Endothelium-Independent Components of the Relaxant Effect of Rosuvastatin in Rat Aortic Rings.
J. Lopez, R. Mendoza, G. Cleva Villanueva, G. Martinez, E. F. Castillo, and C. Castillo (2008)
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 13, 207-213
   Abstract »    PDF »
Murine gammaherpesvirus-induced fibrosis is associated with the development of alternatively activated macrophages.
B. Gangadharan, M. A. Hoeve, J. E. Allen, B. Ebrahimi, S. M. Rhind, B. M. Dutia, and A. A. Nash (2008)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 84, 50-58
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Macrophages and nitric oxide: A deadly combination.
J. Ruttimann (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 3057
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Mycobacterium marinum mel2 Mutant Is Defective for Growth in Macrophages That Produce Reactive Oxygen and Reactive Nitrogen Species.
S. Subbian, P. K. Mehta, S. L. G. Cirillo, L. E. Bermudez, and J. D. Cirillo (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 127-134
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease.
P. Pacher, J. S. Beckman, and L. Liaudet (2007)
Physiol Rev 87, 315-424
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP in Cell Signaling and Drug Development.
F. Murad (2006)
N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 2003-2011
   Full Text »    PDF »
Adventures in vascular biology: a tale of two mediators.
S Moncada (2006)
Phil Trans R Soc B 361, 735-759
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nitric-oxide Synthase Output State: DESIGN AND PROPERTIES OF NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE OXYGENASE/FMN DOMAIN CONSTRUCTS.
D. K. Ghosh, M. A. Holliday, C. Thomas, J. B. Weinberg, S. M. E. Smith, and J. C. Salerno (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 14173-14183
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanisms for nitric oxide synthesis in plants.
N. M. Crawford (2006)
J. Exp. Bot. 57, 471-478
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
NO way to live; the various roles of nitric oxide in plant-pathogen interactions.
L. A. J. Mur, T. L. W. Carver, and E. Prats (2006)
J. Exp. Bot. 57, 489-505
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nitric Oxide and Zinc Homeostasis in Acute Lung Injury.
C. M. St. Croix, K. Leelavaninchkul, S. C. Watkins, V. E. Kagan, and B. R. Pitt (2005)
Proceedings of the ATS 2, 236-242
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptional basis for exercise limitation in male eNOS-knockout mice with age: heart failure and the fetal phenotype.
C. Ojaimi, W. Li, S. Kinugawa, H. Post, A. Csiszar, P. Pacher, G. Kaley, and T. H. Hintze (2005)
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289, H1399-H1407
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stat3 Activity in Melanoma Cells Affects Migration of Immune Effector Cells and Nitric Oxide-Mediated Antitumor Effects.
L. Burdelya, M. Kujawski, G. Niu, B. Zhong, T. Wang, S. Zhang, M. Kortylewski, K. Shain, H. Kay, J. Djeu, et al. (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 3925-3931
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Citrulline increases arginine pools and restores nitrogen balance after massive intestinal resection.
S Osowska, C Moinard, C Loi, N Neveux, and L Cynober (2004)
Gut 53, 1781-1786
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Time course of nitric oxide production after endotoxin challenge in mice.
V. B. Braulio, G. A. M. Ten Have, Y. L. J. Vissers, and N. E. P. Deutz (2004)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287, E912-E918
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enzymes of the L-Arginine to Nitric Oxide Pathway.
D. J. Stuehr (2004)
J. Nutr. 134, 2748S-2751S
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Arginine and Cancer.
D. S. Lind (2004)
J. Nutr. 134, 2837S-2841S
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Arginase I Production in the Tumor Microenvironment by Mature Myeloid Cells Inhibits T-Cell Receptor Expression and Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses.
P. C. Rodriguez, D. G. Quiceno, J. Zabaleta, B. Ortiz, A. H. Zea, M. B. Piazuelo, A. Delgado, P. Correa, J. Brayer, E. M. Sotomayor, et al. (2004)
Cancer Res. 64, 5839-5849
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Is Not Essential for Control of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Mice.
K. L. Cummings and R. L. Tarleton (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 4081-4089
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Animal Models of Human Amino Acid Responses.
D. H. Baker (2004)
J. Nutr. 134, 1646S-1650S
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Changes in NO bioavailabilty regulate cardiac O2 consumption: control by intramitochondrial SOD2 and intracellular myoglobin.
W. Li, T. Jue, J. Edwards, X. Wang, and T. H. Hintze (2004)
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286, H47-H54
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mice Lacking Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Demonstrate Impaired Killing of Porphyromonas gingivalis.
R. Gyurko, G. Boustany, P. L. Huang, A. Kantarci, T. E. Van Dyke, C. A. Genco, and F. C. Gibson III (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 4917-4924
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
L-Arginine Consumption by Macrophages Modulates the Expression of CD3{zeta} Chain in T Lymphocytes.
P. C. Rodriguez, A. H. Zea, J. DeSalvo, K. S. Culotta, J. Zabaleta, D. G. Quiceno, J. B. Ochoa, and A. C. Ochoa (2003)
J. Immunol. 171, 1232-1239
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nitric oxide signaling specificity -- the heart of the problem.
D. S. Bredt (2003)
J. Cell Sci. 116, 9-15
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Amino Acid and Glucose Transporters in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells.
G. E. Mann, D. L. Yudilevich, and L. Sobrevia (2003)
Physiol Rev 83, 183-252
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Outcome in Prostate Cancer: Association with Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Glu-Asp298 Polymorphism at Exon 7.
R. M. Medeiros, A. Morais, A. Vasconcelos, S. Costa, D. Pinto, J. Oliveira, P. Ferreira, and C. Lopes (2002)
Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 3433-3437
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of the mechanisms of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte response inhibition by NO.
S. Blesson, J. Thiery, C. Gaudin, R. Stancou, J.-P. Kolb, J.-L. Moreau, J. Theze, F. Mami-Chouaib, and S. Chouaib (2002)
Int. Immunol. 14, 1169-1178
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Carnosol, an antioxidant in rosemary, suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase through down-regulating nuclear factor-{kappa}B in mouse macrophages.
A.-H. Lo, Y.-C. Liang, S.-Y. Lin-Shiau, C.-T. Ho, and J.-K. Lin (2002)
Carcinogenesis 23, 983-991
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nitric oxide production by human macrophages: there's NO doubt about it.
F. C. Fang and A. Vazquez-Torres (2002)
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 282, L941-L943
   Full Text »    PDF »
Differential function of nitric oxide in murine antigen-induced arthritis.
A. Veihelmann, A. Hofbauer, F. Krombach, M. Dorger, M. Maier, H.-J. Refior, and K. Messmer (2002)
Rheumatology 41, 509-517
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Endogenous nitric oxide enhances coupling between O2 consumption and ATP synthesis in guinea pig hearts.
W. Shen, R. Tian, K. W. Saupe, M. Spindler, and J. S. Ingwall (2001)
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281, H838-H846
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myocardial ischemia and infarction: growth of ideas.
R. J Bing (2001)
Cardiovasc Res 51, 13-20
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cyclophosphamide Induces the Development of Early Myeloid Cells Suppressing Tumor Cell Growth by a Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanism.
B. Pelaez, J. A. Campillo, J. A. Lopez-Asenjo, and J. L. Subiza (2001)
J. Immunol. 166, 6608-6615
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intersection of Interferon and Hypoxia Signal Transduction Pathways in Nitric Oxide-induced Tumor Apoptosis.
D. S. Tendler, C. Bao, T. Wang, E. L. Huang, E. A. Ratovitski, D. A. Pardoll, and C. J. Lowenstein (2001)
Cancer Res. 61, 3682-3688
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Nitric oxide-induced cytostasis and cell cycle arrest of a human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231): Potential role of cyclin D1.
S. Pervin, R. Singh, and G. Chaudhuri (2001)
PNAS 98, 3583-3588
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Specifically Targeted Killing of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)-expressing Cells by a Retroviral Vector Displaying Single-Chain Variable Fragmented Antibody to CEA and Carrying the Gene for Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase.
P. D. Khare, L. Shao-Xi, M. Kuroki, Y. Hirose, F. Arakawa, K. Nakamura, Y. Tomita, and M. Kuroki (2001)
Cancer Res. 61, 370-375
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Role of Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Cardiac Oxygen Metabolism : Implications in Health and Disease.
J.-N. Trochu, J.-B. Bouhour, G. Kaley, and T. H. Hintze (2000)
Circ. Res. 87, 1108-1117
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nitric Oxide Donors.
T. Yamamoto and R. J. Bing (2000)
Experimental Biology and Medicine 225, 200-206
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium-Induced Maturation of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells.
M. Svensson, C. Johansson, and M. J. Wick (2000)
Infect. Immun. 68, 6311-6320
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Radicicol Suppresses Expression of Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase by Blocking p38 Kinase and Nuclear Factor-kappa B/Rel in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages.
Y. J. Jeon, Y. K. Kim, M. Lee, S. M. Park, S. B. Han, and H. M. Kim (2000)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 294, 548-554
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Direct nitric oxide signal transduction via nitrosylation of iron-sulfur centers in the SoxR transcription activator.
H. Ding and B. Demple (2000)
PNAS 97, 5146-5150
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Influence of Nitric Oxide Synthase II Gene Disruption on Tumor Growth and Metastasis.
Q. Shi, Q. Xiong, B. Wang, X. Le, N. A. Khan, and K. Xie (2000)
Cancer Res. 60, 2579-2583
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Local Activation of Nonspecific Defense against a Respiratory Model Infection by Application of Interferon-gamma . Comparison between Rat Alveolar and Interstitial Lung Macrophages.
C. Steinmüller, G. Franke-Ullmann, M.-L. Lohmann-Matthes, and A. Emmendörffer (2000)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 22, 481-490
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Inducible nitric oxide synthase and cardiovascular disease.
A. M Shah (2000)
Cardiovasc Res 45, 148-155
   Full Text »    PDF »
Augmentation of an Antitumor CTL Response In Vivo by Inhibition of Suppressor Macrophage Nitric Oxide.
M. Medot-Pirenne, M. J. Heilman, M. Saxena, P. E. McDermott, and C. D. Mills (1999)
J. Immunol. 163, 5877-5882
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nitric Oxide and the Th2 Response Combine to Prevent Severe Hepatic Damage During Schistosoma mansoni Infection.
L. R. Brunet, M. Beall, D. W. Dunne, and E. J. Pearce (1999)
J. Immunol. 163, 4976-4984
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular control of nitric oxide synthases in the cardiovascular system.
A. Papapetropoulos, R. D. Rudic, and W. C Sessa (1999)
Cardiovasc Res 43, 509-520
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
New look at myocardial infarction: toward a better aspirin.
R. J Bing, T. Yamamoto, M. Yamamoto, R. Kakar, and A. Cohen (1999)
Cardiovasc Res 43, 25-31
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence for Control of Nitric Oxide Synthesis by Intracellular Transforming Growth Factor-ß1 in Tumor Cells : Implications for Tumor Development.
P. Lagadec, S. Raynal, B. Lieubeau, N. Onier, L. Arnould, V. Saint-Giorgio, D. A. Lawrence, and J.-F. Jeannin (1999)
Am. J. Pathol. 154, 1867-1876
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Double-stranded RNA Inhibits beta -Cell Function and Induces Islet Damage by Stimulating beta -Cell Production of Nitric Oxide.
M. R. Heitmeier, A. L. Scarim, and J. A. Corbett (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 12531-12536
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gamma Interferon Stimulates Rat Alveolar Macrophages To Kill Pneumocystis carinii by L-Arginine- and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Dependent Mechanisms.
J. F. Downing, D. L. Kachel, R. Pasula, and W. J. Martin II (1999)
Infect. Immun. 67, 1347-1352
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nitric Oxide as a Bifunctional Regulator of Apoptosis.
Y.-M. Kim, C. A. Bombeck, and T. R. Billiar (1999)
Circ. Res. 84, 253-256
   Full Text »    PDF »
HMN-1180, a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase.
M. Nishio, Y. Watanabe, and H. Hidaka (1998)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 287, 1063-1067
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Osteopontin inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in rat vascular tissue.
J. A. Scott, M. L. Weir, S. M. Wilson, J. W. Xuan, A. F. Chambers, and D. G. McCormack (1998)
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 275, H2258-H2265
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nitric oxide mediates hepatocyte injury.
J. H. Wang, H. P. Redmond, Q. Di Wu, and D. Bouchier-Hayes (1998)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 275, G1117-G1126
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Production of oxidative products of nitric oxide in infarcted human heart.
K. Akiyama, A. Kimura, H. Suzuki, Y. Takeyama, T. L. Gluckman, A. Terhakopian, T. Katagiri, K.-Y. Suh, J. Roseto, and R. J. Bing (1998)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32, 373-379
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Down Regulation of Macrophage Activation in Brugia pahangi-Infected Jirds (Meriones unguiculatus).
C. Nasarre, J. L. Krahenbuhl, and T. R. Klei (1998)
Infect. Immun. 66, 1063-1069
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Therapeutic Effect of Erythromycin on Influenza Virus-induced Lung Injury in Mice.
K. SATO, M. SUGA, T. AKAIKE, S. FUJII, H. MURANAKA, T. DOI, H. MAEDA, and M. ANDO (1998)
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157, 853-857
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Does Not Affect Resolution of Murine Chlamydial Genital Tract Infections or Eradication of Chlamydiae in Primary Murine Cell Culture.
K. H. Ramsey, G. S. Miranpuri, C. E. Poulsen, N. B. Marthakis, L. M. Braune, and G. I. Byrne (1998)
Infect. Immun. 66, 835-838
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Urea inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophage cell line.
S. S. Prabhakar, G. A. Zeballos, M. Montoya-Zavala, and C. Leonard (1997)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 273, C1882-C1888
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protection Against Septic Shock and Suppression of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha  and Nitric Oxide Production by Dexanabinol (HU-211), a Nonpsychotropic Cannabinoid.
R. Gallily, A. Yamin, Y. Waksmann, H. Ovadia, J. Weidenfeld, A. Bar-Joseph, A. Biegon, R. Mechoulam, and E. Shohami (1997)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 283, 918-924
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Induction of nitric oxide synthase in rat gastric smooth muscle preparations.
X.-L. Zheng, K. A. Sharkey, and M. D. Hollenberg (1997)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 273, G1101-G1107
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Brain Nitric Oxide Synthase Messenger RNA in Central Mineralocorticoid Hypertension.
Y. Takeda, I. Miyamori, T. Yoneda, K. Furukawa, S. Inaba, R. Takeda, and H. Mabuchi (1997)
Hypertension 30, 953-956
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Nitric Oxide and the Surgical Patient: Identifying Therapeutic Targets.
E. Tzeng and T. R. Billiar (1997)
Arch Surg 132, 977-982
   Abstract »    PDF »
Superoxide and peroxynitrite generation from inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages.
Y. Xia and J. L. Zweier (1997)
PNAS 94, 6954-6958
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential induction of apoptosis in Swiss 3T3 cells by nitric oxide and the nitrosonium cation.
S Khan, M Kayahara, U Joashi, N. Mazarakis, C Sarraf, A. Edwards, M. Hughes, and H Mehmet (1997)
J. Cell Sci. 110, 2315-2322
   Abstract »    PDF »
Signal Transduction Using Nitric Oxide and Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate.
F. Murad (1996)
JAMA 276, 1189-1192
   Abstract »    PDF »
INHIBITION OF INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE AMELIORATES RAT LUNG ALLOGRAFT REJECTION.
T. Shiraishi, S. R. DeMeester, N. K. Worrall, J. H. Ritter, T. P. Misko, T. B. Ferguson Jr., J. D. Cooper, and G. A. Patterson (1995)
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 110, 1449-1460
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Peroxynitrite-induced Apoptosis in HL-60 Cells.
K.-T. Lin, J.-Y. Xue, M. Nomen, B. Spur, and P. Y-K Wong (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 16487-16490
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of macrophage-derived nitric oxide in endotoxin lethality in mice.
M.J. Parmely, S.-Y. Hao, D.C. Morrison, and J.L. Pace (1995)
Innate Immunity 2, 45-52
   Abstract »    PDF »
The Role of Nitric Oxide in Uveitis.
D. J. Parks, M. K. Cheung, C.-C. Chan, and F. G. Roberge (1994)
Arch Ophthalmol 112, 544-546
   Abstract »    PDF »
Differential Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Hepatocytes During Endotoxemia and the Acute-Phase Response.
D. A. Geller, P. D. Freeswick, D. Nguyen, A. K. Nussler, M. D. Silvio, R. A. Shapiro, S. C. Wang, R. L. Simmons, and T. R. Billiar (1994)
Arch Surg 129, 165-171
   Abstract »    PDF »
Should Surgeons Clone Genes? The Strategy Behind the Cloning of the Human Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene.
D. A. Geller and T. R. Billiar (1993)
Arch Surg 128, 1212-1220
   Abstract »    PDF »
Inhibition of viral replication by interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide synthase.
G Karupiah, Q. Xie, R. Buller, C Nathan, C Duarte, and J. MacMicking (1993)
Science 261, 1445-1448
   Abstract »    PDF »
The Discovery of Nitric Oxide in the Vessel Wall: A Unifying Concept in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis.
R. M. J. Palmer (1993)
Arch Surg 128, 396-401
   Abstract »    PDF »
Biochemistry of nitric oxide and its redox-activated forms.
J. Stamler, D. Singel, and J Loscalzo (1992)
Science 258, 1898-1902
   Abstract »    PDF »
Effect of Endogenous Nitric Oxide on Mitochondrial Respiration of Rat Hepatocytes In Vitro and In Vivo.
J. Stadler, R. D. Curran, J. B. Ochoa, B. G. Harbrecht, R. A. Hoffman, R. L. Simmons, and T. R. Billiar (1991)
Arch Surg 126, 186-191
   Abstract »    PDF »
Distinction between Nitrosating Mechanisms within Human Cells and Aqueous Solution.
M. G. Espey, K. M. Miranda, D. D. Thomas, and D. A. Wink (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 30085-30091
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »



To Advertise     Find Products


Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)