Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 4 May 1984:
Vol. 224. no. 4648, pp. 452 - 459
DOI: 10.1126/science.6143403
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

Science, Vol 224, Issue 4648, 452-459
Copyright © 1984 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Stress hormones: their interaction and regulation

J Axelrod and TD Reisine

Stress stimulates several adaptive hormonal responses. Prominent among these responses are the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex, and adrenocorticotropin from the anterior pituitary. A number of complex interactions are involved in the regulation of these hormones. Glucocorticoids regulate catecholamine biosynthesis in the adrenal medulla and catecholamines stimulate adrenocorticotropin release from the anterior pituitary. In addition, other hormones, including corticotropin-releasing factor, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and arginine vasopressin stimulate while the corticosteroids and somatostatin inhibit adrenocorticotropin secretion. Together these agents appear to determine the complex physiologic responses to a variety of stressors.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Physiological stress in broilers: Ramifications on nutrient digestibility and responses.
W. S. Virden and M. T. Kidd (2009)
J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18, 338-347
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Natural glucocorticoids induce expansion of all developmental stages of murine bone marrow granulocytes without inhibiting function.
M. D. Trottier, M. M. Newsted, L. E. King, and P. J. Fraker (2008)
PNAS 105, 2028-2033
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mucuna pruriens Reduces Stress and Improves the Quality of Semen in Infertile Men.
K. K. Shukla, A. A. Mahdi, M. K. Ahmad, S. P. Jaiswar, S. N. Shankwar, and S. C. Tiwari (2007)
Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epinephrine Is Required for Normal Cardiovascular Responses to Stress in the Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase Knockout Mouse.
X. Bao, C. M. Lu, F. Liu, Y. Gu, N. D. Dalton, B.-Q. Zhu, E. Foster, J. Chen, J. S. Karliner, J. Ross Jr, et al. (2007)
Circulation 116, 1024-1031
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Endogenous Melanocortin-4 Receptor Expression and Signaling by Glucocorticoids.
J. A. Sebag and P. M. Hinkle (2006)
Endocrinology 147, 5948-5955
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Examination of Concurrent Exposure to Repeated Stress and Chlorpyrifos on Cholinergic, Glutamatergic, and Monoamine Neurotransmitter Systems in Rat Forebrain Regions.
T. Pung, B. Klein, D. Blodgett, B. Jortner, and M. Ehrich (2006)
International Journal of Toxicology 25, 65-80
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Search for Safer Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligands.
J. Rosen and J. N. Miner (2005)
Endocr. Rev. 26, 452-464
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Associations between first encounters and ensuing social relations within dyads of two species of lacertid lizards.
S. Downes and D. Bauwens (2004)
Behav. Ecol. 15, 938-945
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
EVIDENCE FOR CHRONIC STRESS IN CAPTIVE BUT NOT FREE-RANGING CHEETAHS (ACINONYX JUBATUS) BASED ON ADRENAL MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION.
K. A. Terio, L. Marker, and L. Munson (2004)
J. Wildl. Dis. 40, 259-266
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
LEVELS OF FECAL CORTICOSTERONE IN SANDHILL CRANES DURING A HUMAN-LED MIGRATION.
B. K. Hartup, G. H. Olsen, N. M. Czekala, J. Paul-Murphy, and J. A. Langenberg (2004)
J. Wildl. Dis. 40, 267-272
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metabolic disturbance in first-episode schizophrenia.
J. H. Thakore (2004)
The British Journal of Psychiatry 184, s76-s79
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chronic Eosinophilic Dermatitis Associated with Persistent Feline Herpes Virus Infection in Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).
L. Munson, R. Wack, M. Duncan, R. J. Montali, D. Boon, I. Stalis, G. J. Crawshaw, K. N. Cameron, J. Mortenson, S. Citino, et al. (2004)
Vet. Pathol. 41, 170-176
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Defect in Epinephrine Production in Children with Craniopharyngioma: Functional or Organic Origin?.
R. Coutant, H. Maurey, S. Rouleau, E. Mathieu, P. Mercier, J. M. Limal, and A. Le Bouil (2003)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 5969-5975
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase in Corticotropin-Secreting Mouse Pituitary Tumor Cells Is Stimulated by Glucocorticoid and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone.
O. Araki, T. Morimura, T. Ogiwara, H. Mizuma, M. Mori, and M. Murakami (2003)
Endocrinology 144, 4459-4465
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Acute Metabolic Stress on the Peripheral Vasopressinergic System in Schizophrenia.
I. Elman, S. Lukas, S. E. Shoaf, D. Rott, C. Adler, and A. Breier (2003)
J Psychopharmacol 17, 317-323
   Abstract »    PDF »
Patterns of respiration in diving penguins: is the last gasp an inspired tactic?.
R. P. Wilson, A. Simeone, G. Luna-Jorquera, A. Steinfurth, S. Jackson, and A. Fahlman (2003)
J. Exp. Biol. 206, 1751-1763
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone in the Impairment of Counterregulatory Responses to Hypoglycemia.
D. E. Flanagan, T. Keshavarz, M. L. Evans, S. Flanagan, X. Fan, R. J. Jacob, and R. S. Sherwin (2003)
Diabetes 52, 605-613
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of exercise on mRNA expression of select adrenal medullary catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes.
S. R. Erdem, H. A. Demirel, C. S. Broxson, B. B. Nankova, E. L. Sabban, and N. Tumer (2002)
J Appl Physiol 93, 463-468
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Causes and Consequences of Stress.
N. Greenberg, J. A. Carr, and C. H. Summers (2002)
Integr. Comp. Biol. 42, 508-516
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Developmental Changes in Interrenal Responsiveness in Anuran Amphibians.
K. A. Glennemeier and R. J. Denver (2002)
Integr. Comp. Biol. 42, 565-573
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Catecholamines Inhibit the Antigen-Presenting Capability of Epidermal Langerhans Cells.
K. Seiffert, J. Hosoi, H. Torii, H. Ozawa, W. Ding, K. Campton, J. A. Wagner, and R. D. Granstein (2002)
J. Immunol. 168, 6128-6135
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Issues in the Design and Implementation of Psychoneuroimmunology Research.
F. P. Robinson, H. L. Mathews, and L. Witek-Janusek (2002)
Biol Res Nurs 3, 165-175
   Abstract »    PDF »
Renal responses to plasma volume expansion and hyperosmolality in fasting seal pups.
R. M. Ortiz, C. E. Wade, D. P. Costa, and C. L. Ortiz (2002)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 282, R805-R817
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Future Directions in the Study and Management of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency.
D. P. Merke, S. R. Bornstein, N. A. Avila, and G. P. Chrousos (2002)
Ann Intern Med 136, 320-334
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Importance of Adrenocortical Glucocorticoids for Adrenomedullary and Physiological Response to Stress: A Study in Isolated Glucocorticoid Deficiency.
N. Zuckerman-Levin, D. Tiosano, G. Eisenhofer, S. Bornstein, and Z.'e. Hochberg (2001)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 5920-5924
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Restraint increases prolactin and REM sleep in C57BL/6J mice but not in BALB/cJ mice.
P. Meerlo, A. Easton, B. M. Bergmann, and F. W. Turek (2001)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 281, R846-R854
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Worsening of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms with Cognitive Decline: Case Series.
D. Mittal, R. Torres, A. Abashidze, and N. Jimerson (2001)
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 14, 17-20
   Abstract »    PDF »
Deletion of tyrosine hydroxylase gene reveals functional interdependence of adrenocortical and chromaffin cell system in vivo.
S. R. Bornstein, H. Tian, A. Haidan, A. Bottner, N. Hiroi, G. Eisenhofer, S. M. McCann, G. P. Chrousos, and S. Roffler-Tarlov (2000)
PNAS 97, 14742-14747
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynamic Exercise Discloses Different Time-Related Responses in Stress Hormones.
W. R. de Vries, N. T. M. Bernards, M. H. de Rooij, and H. P. F. Koppeschaar (2000)
Psychosom Med 62, 866-872
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adrenomedullary Dysplasia and Hypofunction in Patients with Classic 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency.
D. P. Merke, G. P. Chrousos, G. Eisenhofer, M. Weise, M. F. Keil, A. D. Rogol, J. J. V. Wyk, and S. R. Bornstein (2000)
N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 1362-1368
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Acute Suppression of Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity by Hydrocortisone in Humans.
C. Dodt, B. Keyser, M. Molle, H. L. Fehm, and M. Elam (2000)
Hypertension 35, 758-763
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of acute postexercise ethanol intoxication on the neuroendocrine response to resistance exercise.
L. P. Koziris, W. J. Kraemer, S. E. Gordon, T. Incledon, and H. G. Knuttgen (2000)
J Appl Physiol 88, 165-172
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The role of melanocortin signalling in the control of body weight: evidence from human and murine genetic models.
G.S.H. Yeo, I.S. Farooqi, B.G. Challis, R.S. Jackson, and S. O'Rahilly (2000)
QJM 93, 7-14
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The glucocorticoid receptor is required for stress erythropoiesis.
A. Bauer, F. Tronche, O. Wessely, C. Kellendonk, H. M. Reichardt, P. Steinlein, G. Schütz, and H. Beug (1999)
Genes & Dev. 13, 2996-3002
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Stress-induced alteration in the lipolytic response to {beta}-adrenoceptor agonists in rat white adipocytes.
E. Farias-Silva, D. M. Grassi-Kassisse, V. Wolf-Nunes, and R. C. Spadari-Bratfisch (1999)
J. Lipid Res. 40, 1719-1727
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Role of endogenous cortisol in basal liquid clearance from distal air spaces in adult guinea-pigs.
A. Norlin, D. L Baines, and H. G Folkesson (1999)
J. Physiol. 519, 261-272
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adrenomedullary function is severely impaired in 21-hydroxylase-deficient mice.
S. R. BORNSTEIN, T. TAJIMA, G. EISENHOFER, A. HAIDAN, and G. AGUILERA (1999)
FASEB J 13, 1185-1194
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Protective Effect of Insulin against Hypoglycemia-Associated Counterregulatory Failure.
B. Fruehwald-Schultes, W. Kern, E. Deininger, P. Wellhoener, W. Kerner, J. Born, H. L. Fehm, and A. Peters (1999)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 1551-1557
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Serotonin Modulation of Sensory Inputs to the Lateral Amygdala: Dependency on Corticosterone.
G. E. Stutzmann, B. S. McEwen, and J. E. LeDoux (1998)
J. Neurosci. 18, 9529-9538
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of YNS-15P, a New Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Antagonist, on Stress-Stimulated Colonic Propulsion in Rats.
O. Yamamoto, H. Niida, K. Tajima, Y. Shirouchi, Y. Kyotani, F. Ueda, M. Kise, and K. Kimura (1998)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 287, 691-696
   Abstract »    Full Text »
{alpha}-Adrenergic stimulation of cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations and exocytosis in identified rat corticotrophs.
A. Tse and F. W Tse (1998)
J. Physiol. 512, 385-393
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intraadrenal Interactions in the Regulation of Adrenocortical Steroidogenesis.
M. Ehrhart-Bornstein, J. P. Hinson, S. R. Bornstein, W. A. Scherbaum, and G. P. Vinson (1998)
Endocr. Rev. 19, 101-143
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Hypoxia and cyanide induce depolarization and catecholamine release in dispersed guinea-pig chromaffin cells.
M Inoue, N Fujishiro, and I Imanaga (1998)
J. Physiol. 507, 807-818
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Increases Dihydropyridine- and Neurotoxin-Resistant Calcium Currents in Neurons of the Central Amygdala.
B. Yu and P. Shinnick-Gallagher (1998)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 284, 170-179
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Benzene--a Review of the Literature from a Health Effects Perspective.
G. L. Gist and J. R. Burg (1997)
Toxicology and Industrial Health 13, 661-714
   Abstract »    PDF »
Norepinephrine Release in the Human Forearm : Effects of Epinephrine.
C. M. Stein, R. Nelson, H. B. He, M. Wood, and A. J. J. Wood (1997)
Hypertension 30, 1078-1084
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Ectopic ICER Expression in Pituitary Corticotroph AtT20 Cells: Effects on Morphology, Cell Cycle, and Hormonal Production.
M. Lamas, C. Molina, N. S. Foulkes, E. Jansen, and P. Sassone-Corsi (1997)
Mol. Endocrinol. 11, 1425-1434
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Growth-associated Protein-43 (GAP-43) Facilitates Peptide Hormone Secretion in Mouse Anterior Pituitary AtT-20 Cells.
C. Gamby, M. C. Waage, R. G. Allen, and L. Baizer (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 10023-10028
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Panic Disorder: 24-Hour Secretion of Corticotropin and Cortisol.
J. L. Abelson and G. C. Curtis (1996)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 53, 323-331
   Abstract »    PDF »
Expression of the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor alpha Gene Is Stimulated by Stress and Follows a Diurnal Rhythm.
T. Lemberger, Rég. Saladin, M. Vázquez, F.ço. Assimacopoulos, B. Staels, Béa. Desvergne, W. Wahli, and J. Auwerx (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 1764-1769
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stress-Induced Elevation of Ouabainlike Compound in Rat Plasma and Adrenal.
A. Goto, K. Yamada, H. Nagoshi, Y. Terano, and M. Omata (1995)
Hypertension 26, 1173-1176
   Abstract »    Full Text »
False Suffocation Alarms, Spontaneous Panics, and Related Conditions: An Integrative Hypothesis.
D. F. Klein (1993)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 50, 306-317
   Abstract »    PDF »
The Effect of Beta Blockade on Stress-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Adolescents.
H. C. Faigel (1991)
Clinical Pediatrics 30, 441-445
   Abstract »    PDF »
Psychosocial Predictors of Maternal and Infant Health Among Adolescent Mothers.
W. T. Boyce, E. A. Chesterman, and M. A. Winkleby (1991)
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 145, 267-273
   Abstract »    PDF »
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Functioning and Cerebrospinal Fluid Corticotropin Releasing Hormone and Corticotropin Levels in Alcoholics After Recent and Long-term Abstinence.
B. Adinoff, P. R. Martin, G. H. A. Bone, M. J. Eckardt, L. Roehrich, D. T. George, H. B. Moss, R. Eskay, M. Linnoila, and P. W. Gold (1990)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 47, 325-330
   Abstract »    PDF »
Norepinephrine and Its Metabolites in Cerebrospinal Fluid, Plasma, and Urine: Relationship to Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Depression.
A. Roy, D. Pickar, J. De Jong, F. Karoum, and M. Linnoila (1988)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 45, 849-857
   Abstract »    PDF »
Alprazolam Augmentation of the Antipsychotic Effects of Fluphenazine in Schizophrenic Patients: Preliminary Results.
O. M. Wolkowitz, A. Breier, A. Doran, J. Kelsoe, P. Lucas, S. M. Paul, and D. Pickar (1988)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 45, 664-671
   Abstract »    PDF »
Inhibition of Cyclo-oxygenase Attenuates the Metabolic Response to Endotoxin in Humans.
A. Revhaug, H. R. Michie, J. McK. Manson, J. M. Watters, C. A. Dinarello, S. M. Wolff, and D. W. Wilmore (1988)
Arch Surg 123, 162-170
   Abstract »    PDF »
Corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons in the rat activated by interleukin-1.
F Berkenbosch, J van Oers, A del Rey, F Tilders, and H Besedovsky (1987)
Science 238, 524-526
   Abstract »    PDF »
The Effects of Dexamethasone on Plasma Homovanillic Acid and 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol: Evidence for Abnormal Corticosteroid-Catecholamine Interactions in Major Depression.
O. M. Wolkowitz, A. R. Doran, A. Breier, A. Roy, D. C. Jimerson, M. E. Sutton, R. N. Golden, S. M. Paul, and D. Pickar (1987)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 44, 782-789
   Abstract »    PDF »
Hormonal Responses to Graded Surgical Stress.
B. Chernow, H. R. Alexander, R. C. Smallridge, W. R. Thompson, D. Cook, D. Beardsley, M. P. Fink, C. R. Lake, and J. R. Fletcher (1987)
Arch Intern Med 147, 1273-1278
   Abstract »    PDF »
Platelet Tritiated Imipramine Binding and Serotonin Uptake in Depressed Patients and Controls: Relationship to Plasma Cortisol Levels Before and After Dexamethasone Administration.
A. Roy, D. Everett, D. Pickar, and S. M. Paul (1987)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 44, 320-327
   Abstract »    PDF »
Situational Panic Attacks: Behavioral, Physiologic, and Biochemical Characterization.
S. W. Woods, D. S. Charney, C. A. McPherson, A. H. Gradman, and G. R. Heninger (1987)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 44, 365-375
   Abstract »    PDF »
CSF Somatostatin and Abnormal Response to Dexamethasone Administration in Schizophrenic and Depressed Patients.
A. R. Doran, D. R. Rubinow, A. Roy, and D. Pickar (1986)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 43, 365-369
   Abstract »    PDF »
Plasma Norepinephrine Level in Affective Disorders: Relationship to Melancholia.
A. Roy, D. Pickar, M. Linnoila, and W. Z. Potter (1985)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 42, 1181-1185
   Abstract »    PDF »
Induced expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the rat intermediate pituitary lobe.
T Antakly, A Sasaki, A. Liotta, M Palkovits, and D. Krieger (1985)
Science 229, 277-279
   Abstract »    PDF »
Lactate Provocation of Panic Attacks: II. Biochemical and Physiological Findings.
M. R. Liebowitz, J. M. Gorman, A. J. Fyer, M. Levitt, D. Dillon, G. Levy, I. L. Appleby, S. Anderson, M. Palij, S. O. Davies, et al. (1985)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 42, 709-719
   Abstract »    PDF »
Clinical Applications of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor.
G. P. CHROUSOS, T. H. SCHUERMEYER, J. DOPPMAN, E. H. OLDFIELD, H. M. SCHULTE, P. W. GOLD, and D. L. LORIAUX (1985)
Ann Intern Med 102, 344-358
   Abstract »    PDF »
Beta-adrenergic mechanism of insulin-induced adrenocorticotropin release from the anterior pituitary.
E Mezey, T. Reisine, M. Brownstein, M Palkovits, and J Axelrod (1984)
Science 226, 1085-1087
   Abstract »    PDF »
The inhibitory effect of hormones associated with stress on Na appetite of sheep.
R. S. Weisinger, J. R. Blair-West, P. Burns, D. A. Denton, M. J. McKinley, B. Purcell, W. Vale, J. Rivier, and K. Sunagawa (2000)
PNAS 97, 2922-2927
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)