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Science 29 October 1982:
Vol. 218. no. 4571, pp. 433 - 443
DOI: 10.1126/science.6289442
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Articles

Science, Vol 218, Issue 4571, 433-443
Copyright © 1982 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Molecular biology of learning: modulation of transmitter release

ER Kandel and JH Schwartz

Until recently, it has been impossible to approach learning with the techniques of cell biology. During the past several years, elementary forms of learning have been analyzed in higher invertebrates. Their nervous systems allow the experimental study of behavioral, neurophysiological, morphological, biochemical, and genetic components of the functional (plastic) changes underlying learning. In this review, we focus primarily on short-term sensitization of the gill and siphon reflex in the marine mollusk, Aplysia californica. Analyses of this form of learning provide direct evidence that protein phosphorylation dependent on cyclic adenosine monophosphate can modulate synaptic action. These studies also suggest how the molecular mechanisms for this short-term form of synaptic plasticity can be extended to explain both long-term memory and classical conditioning.


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Latent memory for sensitization in Aplysia..
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Axonal transport of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1{alpha} mRNA couples transcription in the nucleus to long-term facilitation at the synapse.
M. Giustetto, A. N. Hegde, K. Si, A. Casadio, K. Inokuchi, W. Pei, E. R. Kandel, and J. H. Schwartz (2003)
PNAS 100, 13680-13685
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p38 MAP Kinase Mediates Both Short-Term and Long-Term Synaptic Depression in Aplysia.
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Serotonergic modulation of nonspiking local interneurones in the terminal abdominal ganglion of the crayfish.
T. Nagayama (2002)
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Presynaptic Current Changes at the Mossy Fiber-Granule Cell Synapse of Cerebellum During LTP.
A. Maffei, F. Prestori, P. Rossi, V. Taglietti, and E. D'Angelo (2002)
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AMRP Peptides Modulate a Novel K+ Current in Pleural Sensory Neurons of Aplysia.
J. R. McDearmid, V. Brezina, and K. R. Weiss (2002)
J Neurophysiol 88, 323-332
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J. R. Wolpaw (2002)
Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 1, 130-163
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Isoforms of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclase: Multiplicities of Signaling.
R. K. Sunahara and R. Taussig (2002)
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A. J. Shepherd (2001)
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P Kloppenburg and T Heinbockel (2000)
J. Exp. Biol. 203, 1701-1709
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Computational Model of the Serotonergic Modulation of Sensory Neurons in Aplysia.
D. A. Baxter, C. C. Canavier, J. W. Clark Jr., and J. H. Byrne (1999)
J Neurophysiol 82, 2914-2935
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Silent Synapses in Neural Plasticity: Current Evidence.
H. L. Atwood and J. M. Wojtowicz (1999)
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The genetic basis of cognition.
J. Flint (1999)
Brain 122, 2015-2032
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P. D. Floyd, L. Li, S. S. Rubakhin, J. V. Sweedler, C. C. Horn, I. Kupfermann, V. Y. Alexeeva, T. A. Ellis, N. C. Dembrow, K. R. Weiss, et al. (1999)
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Gating of BDNF-Induced Synaptic Potentiation by cAMP.
L. Boulanger and M. Poo (1999)
Science 284, 1982-1984
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Inhibitory Control of LTP and LTD: Stability of Synapse Strength.
P. M. Steele and M. D. Mauk (1999)
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Role of Protein Kinase A in the Maintenance of Inflammatory Pain.
K. O. Aley and J. D. Levine (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 2181-2186
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In Vitro Analog of Operant Conditioning in Aplysia. I. Contingent Reinforcement Modifies the Functional Dynamics of an Identified Neuron.
R. Nargeot, D. A. Baxter, and J. H. Byrne (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 2247-2260
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The Optically Determined Size of Exo/Endo Cycling Vesicle Pool Correlates with the Quantal Content at the Neuromuscular Junction of Drosophila Larvae.
H. Kuromi and Y. Kidokoro (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 1557-1565
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Two Modulatory Inputs Exert Reciprocal Reinforcing Effects on Synaptic Input of Premotor Interneurons for Withdrawal in Terrestrial Snails.
O. A. Maksimova, N. I. Bravarenko, and P. M. Balaban (1999)
Learn. Mem. 6, 168-176
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Different Training Procedures Recruit Either One or Two Critical Periods for Contextual Memory Consolidation, Each of Which Requires Protein Synthesis and PKA.
R. Bourtchouladze, T. Abel, N. Berman, R. Gordon, K. Lapidus, and E. R. Kandel (1998)
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   Abstract »    Full Text »
Multiple Memory Processes Following Training That a Food Is Inedible in Aplysia.
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Learn. Mem. 5, 204-219
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Binding of Serotonin to Receptors at Multiple Sites Is Required for Structural Plasticity Accompanying Long-Term Facilitation of Aplysia Sensorimotor Synapses.
Z.-Y. Sun and S. Schacher (1998)
J. Neurosci. 18, 3991-4000
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
G-Protein-Coupled Modulation of Presynaptic Calcium Currents and Transmitter Release by a GABAB Receptor.
T. Takahashi, Y. Kajikawa, and T. Tsujimoto (1998)
J. Neurosci. 18, 3138-3146
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Outward Currents in Drosophila Larval Neurons: dunce Lacks a Maintained Outward Current Component Downregulated by cAMP.
R. Delgado, R. Davis, M. R. Bono, R. Latorre, and P. Labarca (1998)
J. Neurosci. 18, 1399-1407
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The acquisition of skilled motor performance: Fast and slow experience-driven changes in primary motor cortex.
A. Karni, G. Meyer, C. Rey-Hipolito, P. Jezzard, M. M. Adams, R. Turner, and L. G. Ungerleider (1998)
PNAS 95, 861-868
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Defective Learning in Mutants of the Drosophila Gene for a Regulatory Subunit of cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase.
S. F. Goodwin, M. Del Vecchio, K. Velinzon, C. Hogel, S. R. H. Russell, T. Tully, and K. Kaiser (1997)
J. Neurosci. 17, 8817-8827
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Contingent-Dependent Enhancement of Rhythmic Motor Patterns: An In Vitro Analog of Operant Conditioning.
R. Nargeot, D. A. Baxter, and J. H. Byrne (1997)
J. Neurosci. 17, 8093-8105
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Mediation of Classical Conditioning in Aplysia californica by Long-Term Potentiation of Sensorimotor Synapses.
G. G. Murphy and D. L. Glanzman (1997)
Science 278, 467-471
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Removal of Spike Frequency Adaptation via Neuromodulation Intrinsic to the Tritonia Escape Swim Central Pattern Generator.
P. S. Katz and W. N. Frost (1997)
J. Neurosci. 17, 7703-7713
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Modulation of a cAMP/Protein Kinase A Cascade by Protein Kinase C in Sensory Neurons of Aplysia.
S. Sugita, D. A. Baxter, and J. H. Byrne (1997)
J. Neurosci. 17, 7237-7244
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Alterations in Frequency Coding and Activity Dependence of Excitability in Cultured Neurons of Drosophila Memory Mutants.
M.-L. Zhao and C.-F. Wu (1997)
J. Neurosci. 17, 2187-2199
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Realistic Simulation of the Aplysia Siphon-Withdrawal Reflex Circuit: Roles of Circuit Elements in Producing Motor Output.
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J Neurophysiol 77, 1249-1268
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Pathway-Specific Synaptic Plasticity: Activity-Dependent Enhancement and Suppression of Long-Term Heterosynaptic Facilitation at Converging Inputs on a Single Target.
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J. Neurosci. 17, 597-606
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A Developmental Gene (Tolloid/BMP-1) Is Regulated in Aplysia Neurons by Treatments that Induce Long-Term Sensitization.
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J Neurophysiol 77, 167-176
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PNAS 93, 13262-13267
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J. Neurosci. 16, 5593-5602
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J. Neurosci. 16, 4017-4031
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A. Schwartz (1987)
J Am Psychoanal Assoc 35, 467-506
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Long-term sensitization in Aplysia: biophysical correlates in tail sensory neurons.
K. Scholz and J. Byrne (1987)
Science 235, 685-687
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A critical period for macromolecular synthesis in long-term heterosynaptic facilitation in Aplysia.
P. Montarolo, P Goelet, V. Castellucci, J Morgan, E. Kandel, and S Schacher (1986)
Science 234, 1249-1254
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