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Science 18 June 1982:
Vol. 216. no. 4552, pp. 1317 - 1319
DOI: 10.1126/science.7043737
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Articles

Science, Vol 216, Issue 4552, 1317-1319
Copyright © 1982 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis?

W Burgdorfer, AG Barbour, SF Hayes, JL Benach, E Grunwaldt, and JP Davis

A treponema-like spirochete was detected in and isolated from adult Ixodes dammini, the incriminated tick vector of Lyme disease. Causally related to the spirochetes may be long-lasting cutaneous lesions that appeared on New Zealand White rabbits 10 to 12 weeks after infected ticks fed on them. Samples of serum from patients with Lyme disease were shown by indirect immunofluorescence to contain antibodies to this agent. It is suggested that the newly discovered spirochete is involved in the etiology of Lyme disease.


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Essential Role of the Response Regulator Rrp2 in the Infectious Cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi.
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Borrelia burgdorferi vlsE Antigenic Variation Is Not Mediated by RecA.
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Does This Patient Have Erythema Migrans?.
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Microalbuminuria and Comparison of Serologic Testing for Exposure to Borrelia Burgdorferi in Nonclinical Labrador and Golden Retrievers.
R. E. Goldstein, A. P. Cordner, J. L. Sandler, B. A. Bellohusen, and H. N. Erb (2007)
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J. J. Lazarus, M. J. Meadows, R. E. Lintner, and R. M. Wooten (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 7076-7085
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Comparison of direct fluorescent antibody staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis ticks.
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Coinfections Acquired from Ixodes Ticks.
S. J. Swanson, D. Neitzel, K. D. Reed, and E. A. Belongia (2006)
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Interleukin-10 Anti-Inflammatory Response to Borrelia burgdorferi, the Agent of Lyme Disease: a Possible Role for Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling 1 and 3..
V. A. Dennis, A. Jefferson, S. R. Singh, F. Ganapamo, and M. T. Philipp (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 5780-5789
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Serologic Proteome Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Membrane-Associated Proteins.
A. J. Nowalk, R. D. Gilmore Jr, and J. A. Carroll (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 3864-3873
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Borrelia burgdorferi Lacking BBK32, a Fibronectin-Binding Protein, Retains Full Pathogenicity..
X. Li, X. Liu, D. S. Beck, F. S. Kantor, and E. Fikrig (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 3305-3313
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Delineating the Requirement for the Borrelia burgdorferi Virulence Factor OspC in the Mammalian Host..
P. E. Stewart, X. Wang, D. M. Bueschel, D. R. Clifton, D. Grimm, K. Tilly, J. A. Carroll, J. J. Weis, and P. A. Rosa (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 3547-3553
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The BBA01 Protein, a Member of Paralog Family 48 from Borrelia burgdorferi, Is Potentially Interchangeable with the Channel-Forming Protein P13..
M. Pinne, K. Denker, E. Nilsson, R. Benz, and S. Bergstrom (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 4207-4217
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A MODEST MODEL EXPLAINS THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF BORRELIA BURGDORFERI STRAINS.
D. BRISSON and D. E. DYKHUIZEN (2006)
Am J Trop Med Hyg 74, 615-622
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tick prevention in a population living in a highly endemic area.
L. Stjernberg and J. Berglund (2005)
Scand J Public Health 33, 432-438
   Abstract »    PDF »
Aggravated Lyme Carditis in CD11a-/- and CD11c-/- Mice.
M. Guerau-de-Arellano, J. Alroy, D. Bullard, and B. T. Huber (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 7637-7643
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Improvement of Lyme Borreliosis Serodiagnosis by a Newly Developed Recombinant Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM Line Immunoblot Assay and Addition of VlsE and DbpA Homologues.
G. Goettner, U. Schulte-Spechtel, R. Hillermann, G. Liegl, B. Wilske, and V. Fingerle (2005)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 3602-3609
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis.
M. E. Aguero-Rosenfeld, G. Wang, I. Schwartz, and G. P. Wormser (2005)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18, 484-509
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
{beta}2 Integrins Control the Severity of Murine Lyme Carditis.
M. Guerau-de-Arellano, J. Alroy, and B. T. Huber (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 3242-3250
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synthesis of Autoinducer 2 by the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi.
K. Babb, K. von Lackum, R. L. Wattier, S. P. Riley, and B. Stevenson (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 3079-3087
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of a New Borrelia Species among Small Mammals in Areas of Northern Spain Where Lyme Disease Is Endemic.
H. Gil, M. Barral, R. Escudero, A. L. Garcia-Perez, and P. Anda (2005)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 71, 1336-1345
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Etiological Agent of Lyme Disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, Appears To Contain Only a Few Small RNA Molecules.
Y. Ostberg, I. Bunikis, S. Bergstrom, and J. Johansson (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 8472-8477
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Demonstration of the Involvement of Outer Surface Protein E Coiled Coil Structural Domains and Higher Order Structural Elements in the Binding of Infection-Induced Antibody and the Complement-Regulatory Protein, Factor H.
J. V. McDowell, J. Wolfgang, L. Senty, C. M. Sundy, M. J. Noto, and R. T. Marconi (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 7471-7480
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interaction and Transmission of Two Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto Strains in a Tick-Rodent Maintenance System.
M. Derdakova, V. Dudioak, B. Brei, J. S. Brownstein, I. Schwartz, and D. Fish (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 70, 6783-6788
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Variations in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly Culture Medium Modulate Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Borrelia burgdorferi Clinical Isolates.
G. Wang, R. Iyer, S. Bittker, D. Cooper, J. Small, G. P. Wormser, and I. Schwartz (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 6702-6706
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome-Wide Transposon Mutagenesis of Borrelia burgdorferi for Identification of Phenotypic Mutants.
P. E. Stewart, J. Hoff, E. Fischer, J. G. Krum, and P. A. Rosa (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 70, 5973-5979
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Experimental Assessment of the Roles of Linear Plasmids lp25 and lp28-1 of Borrelia burgdorferi throughout the Infectious Cycle.
D. Grimm, C. H. Eggers, M. J. Caimano, K. Tilly, P. E. Stewart, A. F. Elias, J. D. Radolf, and P. A. Rosa (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 5938-5946
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Fur Homologue in Borrelia burgdorferi.
L. I. Katona, R. Tokarz, C. J. Kuhlow, J. Benach, and J. L. Benach (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 6443-6456
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
BBK32, a Fibronectin Binding MSCRAMM from Borrelia burgdorferi, Contains a Disordered Region That Undergoes a Conformational Change on Ligand Binding.
J. H. Kim, J. Singvall, U. Schwarz-Linek, B. J. B. Johnson, J. R. Potts, and M. Hook (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 41706-41714
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic exchange and plasmid transfers in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto revealed by three-way genome comparisons and multilocus sequence typing.
W.-G. Qiu, S. E. Schutzer, J. F. Bruno, O. Attie, Y. Xu, J. J. Dunn, C. M. Fraser, S. R. Casjens, and B. J. Luft (2004)
PNAS 101, 14150-14155
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Treatment of Mice with the Neutrophil-Depleting Antibody RB6-8C5 Results in Early Development of Experimental Lyme Arthritis via the Recruitment of Gr-1- Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte-Like Cells.
C. R. Brown, V. A. Blaho, and C. M. Loiacono (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 4956-4965
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Combined Effects of Blood and Temperature Shift on Borrelia burgdorferi Gene Expression as Determined by Whole Genome DNA Array.
R. Tokarz, J. M. Anderton, L. I. Katona, and J. L. Benach (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 5419-5432
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MyD88 Plays a Unique Role in Host Defense but Not Arthritis Development in Lyme Disease.
D. D. Bolz, R. S. Sundsbak, Y. Ma, S. Akira, C. J. Kirschning, J. F. Zachary, J. H. Weis, and J. J. Weis (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 2003-2010
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Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi.
J. W. Courtney, L. M. Kostelnik, N. S. Zeidner, and R. F. Massung (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 3164-3168
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Appropriateness of Lyme Disease Serologic Testing.
A. H. Ramsey, E. A. Belongia, P.-H. Chyou, and J. P. Davis (2004)
Ann. Fam. Med 2, 341-344
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Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp., Babesia microti, and Anaplasma phagocytophila in Ixodes scapularis Ticks Collected in Northern New Jersey.
M. E. Adelson, R.-V. S. Rao, R. C. Tilton, K. Cabets, E. Eskow, L. Fein, J. L. Occi, and E. Mordechai (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 2799-2801
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Essential Nature of the Ubiquitous 26-Kilobase Circular Replicon of Borrelia burgdorferi.
R. Byram, P. E. Stewart, and P. Rosa (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 3561-3569
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lysine-Dependent Multipoint Binding of the Borrelia burgdorferi Virulence Factor Outer Surface Protein E to the C Terminus of Factor H.
A. Alitalo, T. Meri, T. Chen, H. Lankinen, Z.-Z. Cheng, T. S. Jokiranta, I. J. T. Seppala, P. Lahdenne, P. S. Hefty, D. R. Akins, et al. (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 6195-6201
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
New genomospecies related to Borrelia valaisiana, isolated from mammals in Okinawa archipelago, Japan.
T. Masuzawa, N. Hashimoto, M. Kudeken, T. Kadosaka, M. Nakamura, H. Kawabata, N. Koizumi, and Y. Imai (2004)
J. Med. Microbiol. 53, 421-426
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Whole-Genome DNA Array Analysis of the Response of Borrelia burgdorferi to a Bactericidal Monoclonal Antibody.
J. M. Anderton, R. Tokarz, C. D. Thill, C. J. Kuhlow, C. S. Brooks, D. R. Akins, L. I. Katona, and J. L. Benach (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 2035-2044
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pleiotropic Effects of Inactivating a Carboxyl-Terminal Protease, CtpA, in Borrelia burgdorferi.
Y. Ostberg, J. A. Carroll, M. Pinne, J. G. Krum, P. Rosa, and S. Bergstrom (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 2074-2084
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Outer-surface protein C of the Lyme disease spirochete: A protein induced in ticks for infection of mammals.
D. Grimm, K. Tilly, R. Byram, P. E. Stewart, J. G. Krum, D. M. Bueschel, T. G. Schwan, P. F. Policastro, A. F. Elias, and P. A. Rosa (2004)
PNAS 101, 3142-3147
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Isolation and Characterization of Borrelia hermsii Associated with Two Foci of Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever in California.
C. L. Fritz, L. R. Bronson, C. R. Smith, M. E. Schriefer, J. R. Tucker, and T. G. Schwan (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 1123-1128
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Borrelia Outer Membrane Surface Proteins and Transmission Through the Tick.
T. J. Templeton (2004)
J. Exp. Med. 199, 603-606
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Essential Role for OspA/B in the Life Cycle of the Lyme Disease Spirochete.
X. F. Yang, U. Pal, S. M. Alani, E. Fikrig, and M. V. Norgard (2004)
J. Exp. Med. 199, 641-648
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Generation of a Complement-Independent Bactericidal IgM against a Relapsing Fever Borrelia.
S. E. Connolly, D. G. Thanassi, and J. L. Benach (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 1191-1197
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Infection and Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle from Nonhuman Primates Infected with Different Genospecies of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
D. Cadavid, Y. Bai, D. Dail, M. Hurd, K. Narayan, E. Hodzic, S. W. Barthold, and A. R. Pachner (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 7087-7098
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Acylated Cholesteryl Galactoside as a Novel Immunogenic Motif in Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto.
N. W. J. Schroder, U. Schombel, H. Heine, U. B. Gobel, U. Zahringer, and R. R. Schumann (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 33645-33653
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First isolation and characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains from Ixodes ricinus ticks in Turkey.
E. S. Guner, N. Hashimoto, N. Takada, K. Kaneda, Y. Imai, and T. Masuzawa (2003)
J. Med. Microbiol. 52, 807-813
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The Absence of Linear Plasmid 25 or 28-1 of Borrelia burgdorferi Dramatically Alters the Kinetics of Experimental Infection via Distinct Mechanisms.
M. Labandeira-Rey, J. Seshu, and J. T. Skare (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 4608-4613
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PCR-Reverse Line Blot Typing Method Underscores the Genomic Heterogeneity of Borrelia valaisiana Species and Suggests Its Potential Involvement in Lyme Disease.
E. Godfroid, C. Min Hu, P.-F. Humair, A. Bollen, and L. Gern (2003)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 3690-3698
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Tripalmitoyl-S-Glyceryl-Cysteine-Dependent OspA Vaccination of Toll-Like Receptor 2-Deficient Mice Results in Effective Protection from Borrelia burgdorferi Challenge.
A. Yoder, X. Wang, Y. Ma, M. T. Philipp, M. Heilbrun, J. H. Weis, C. J. Kirschning, R. M. Wooten, and J. J. Weis (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 3894-3900
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A newly discovered cholesteryl galactoside from Borrelia burgdorferi.
G. Ben-Menachem, J. Kubler-Kielb, B. Coxon, A. Yergey, and R. Schneerson (2003)
PNAS 100, 7913-7918
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Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD): A randomized double masked clinical trial.
L. B. Krupp, L. G. Hyman, R. Grimson, P. K. Coyle, P. Melville, S. Ahnn, R. Dattwyler, and B. Chandler (2003)
Neurology 60, 1923-1930
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Plasmid Stability during In Vitro Propagation of Borrelia burgdorferi Assessed at a Clonal Level.
D. Grimm, A. F. Elias, K. Tilly, and P. A. Rosa (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 3138-3145
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The Immune Response at Onset and During Recovery From Borrelia burgdorferi Meningoradiculitis.
S. Cepok, D. Zhou, F. Vogel, B. Rosche, V. Grummel, N. Sommer, and B. Hemmer (2003)
Arch Neurol 60, 849-855
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Conservation of Plasmid Maintenance Functions between Linear and Circular Plasmids in Borrelia burgdorferi.
P. E. Stewart, G. Chaconas, and P. Rosa (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 3202-3209
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Immunological and genetic characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi BapA and EppA proteins.
J. C. Miller and B. Stevenson (2003)
Microbiology 149, 1113-1125
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Molecular Characterization of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis Ticks from Pennsylvania.
J. W. Courtney, R. L. Dryden, J. Montgomery, B. S. Schneider, G. Smith, and R. F. Massung (2003)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 1569-1573
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In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of Four Antibiotics against Borrelia burgdorferi: a Comparison of Results for the Three Genospecies Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, and Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto.
M. Sicklinger, R. Wienecke, and U. Neubert (2003)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 1791-1793
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Regulation of Expression of the Borrelia burgdorferi {beta}3-Chain Integrin Ligand, P66, in Ticks and in Culture.
C. Cugini, M. Medrano, T. G. Schwan, and J. Coburn (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 1001-1007
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Expression of spoT in Borrelia burgdorferi during Serum Starvation.
M. B. Concepcion and D. R. Nelson (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 444-452
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Genetic Variability within Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Genospecies Established by PCR-Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis of the rrfA-rrlB Intergenic Spacer in Ixodes ricinus Ticks from the Czech Republic.
M. Derdakova, L. Beati, B. Pet'ko, M. Stanko, and D. Fish (2003)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 69, 509-516
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Elimination of Channel-Forming Activity by Insertional Inactivation of the p13 Gene in Borrelia burgdorferi.
Y. Ostberg, M. Pinne, R. Benz, P. Rosa, and S. Bergstrom (2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 6811-6819
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Morphoea and Borrelia burgdorferi: results from the Scottish Highlands in the context of the world literature.
J R Goodlad, M M Davidson, P Gordon, R Billington, and D O Ho-Yen (2002)
Mol. Pathol. 55, 374-378
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groEL Expression in gyrB Mutants of Borrelia burgdorferi.
J. Alverson and D. S. Samuels (2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 6069-6072
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OspE-Related, OspF-Related, and Elp Lipoproteins Are Immunogenic in Baboons Experimentally Infected with Borrelia burgdorferi and in Human Lyme Disease Patients.
P. S. Hefty, C. S. Brooks, A. M. Jett, G. L. White, S. K. Wikel, R. C. Kennedy, and D. R. Akins (2002)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 4256-4265
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