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Science 26 July 1963:
Vol. 141. no. 3578, pp. 351 - 353
DOI: 10.1126/science.141.3578.351
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Articles

Conditioned "Anxiety" and Punishment Effects on Operant Behavior of Goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Irving Geller 1

1 Wyeth Laboratories, Inc. Philadelphia 1, Pennsylvania

Hungry goldfish learned to press a lever for worms on a 2-minute variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. Lever pressing was suppressed in the presence of a flashing light by (i) pairing the light with a brief electric shock ("anxiety") and (ii) punishing the lever-pressing behavior with electric shocks.

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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)