Reports

Submitted on October 27, 2008
Accepted on April 17, 2009

Regulators of PP2C Phosphatase Activity Function as Abscisic Acid Sensors

Yue Ma ¹, Izabela Szostkiewicz ¹, Arthur Korte ¹, Danièle Moes ², Yi Yang ³, Alexander Christmann ¹, Erwin Grill ^1*

¹ Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
² Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany.; Present address: Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Public Research Centre for Health, 84, Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
³ Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany.; Present address: College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China, 610064.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Erwin Grill , E-mail: erwin.grill{at}wzw.tum.de

These authors contributed equally to this work.

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) acts as a developmental signal and as an integrator of environmental cues such as drought and cold. Key players in ABA signal transduction include the protein phosphatases 2C (PP2C) ABI1 and ABI2 that act by negatively regulating ABA responses. In this study, we identify interactors of ABI1 and ABI2 we have named regulatory components of ABA receptor (RCARs). In Arabidopsis, RCARs belong to a family with 14 members that share structural similarity with class 10 pathogen-related proteins. RCAR1 was shown to bind to ABA, to mediate ABA-dependent inactivation of ABI1 or ABI2 in vitro, and to antagonize PP2C action in planta. Other RCARs also mediated ABA-dependent regulation of ABI1 and ABI2, consistent with a combinatorial assembly of receptor complexes.

The Strawberry Fruit Fra a Allergen Functions in Flavonoid Biosynthesis.

C. Munoz, T. Hoffmann, N. Medina Escobar, F. Ludemann, M. A. Botella, V. Valpuesta, and W. Schwab (2009)
Mol Plant
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Type 2C protein phosphatases directly regulate abscisic acid-activated protein kinases in Arabidopsis.

T. Umezawa, N. Sugiyama, M. Mizoguchi, S. Hayashi, F. Myouga, K. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, Y. Ishihama, T. Hirayama, and K. Shinozaki (2009)
PNAS 106, 17588-17593
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RACK1 is a negative regulator of ABA responses in Arabidopsis.

J. Guo, J. Wang, L. Xi, W.-D. Huang, J. Liang, and J.-G. Chen (2009)
J. Exp. Bot. 60, 3819-3833
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Phospholipase D{alpha}1 and Phosphatidic Acid Regulate NADPH Oxidase Activity and Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in ABA-Mediated Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis.

Y. Zhang, H. Zhu, Q. Zhang, M. Li, M. Yan, R. Wang, L. Wang, R. Welti, W. Zhang, and X. Wang (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 2357-2377
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The Magnesium-Chelatase H Subunit Binds Abscisic Acid and Functions in Abscisic Acid Signaling: New Evidence in Arabidopsis.

F.-Q. Wu, Q. Xin, Z. Cao, Z.-Q. Liu, S.-Y. Du, C. Mei, C.-X. Zhao, X.-F. Wang, Y. Shang, T. Jiang, et al. (2009)
Plant Physiology 150, 1940-1954
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Three Arabidopsis SnRK2 Protein Kinases, SRK2D/SnRK2.2, SRK2E/SnRK2.6/OST1 and SRK2I/SnRK2.3, Involved in ABA Signaling are Essential for the Control of Seed Development and Dormancy.

K. Nakashima, Y. Fujita, N. Kanamori, T. Katagiri, T. Umezawa, S. Kidokoro, K. Maruyama, T. Yoshida, K. Ishiyama, M. Kobayashi, et al. (2009)
Plant Cell Physiol. 50, 1345-1363
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Abscisic Acid Inhibits Type 2C Protein Phosphatases via the PYR/PYL Family of START Proteins.

S.-Y. Park, P. Fung, N. Nishimura, D. R. Jensen, H. Fujii, Y. Zhao, S. Lumba, J. Santiago, A. Rodrigues, T.-f. F. Chow, et al. (2009)
Science 324, 1068-1071
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