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Published Online February 12, 2009
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1165557

Research Articles

Submitted on September 5, 2008
Accepted on February 4, 2009

Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveals Structure and Evolution

Ann C. Palmenberg 1{dagger}, David Spiro 2{dagger}, Ryan Kuzmickas 2, Shiliang Wang 2, Appolinaire Djikeng 2, Jennifer A. Rathe 3, Claire M. Fraser-Liggett 4, Stephen B. Liggett 3*

1 Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
2 J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
3 Cardiopulmonary Genomics Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
4 Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Stephen B. Liggett , E-mail: sligg001{at}umaryland.edu

{dagger}These authors contributed equally to this work.

Infection by human rhinoviruses (HRVs) is a major cause of upper and lower respiratory tract disease worldwide and displays significant phenotypic variation. We examined diversity by completing the genome sequences for all known serotypes (n = 99). Superimposition of capsid crystal structure and optimal-energy RNA configurations established alignments and phylogeny. These revealed conserved motifs, clade-specific diversity including a potential new species (HRV-D), mutations in field isolates, and recombination. In analogy with poliovirus, a hypervariable 5'UTR tract may affect virulence. A configuration consistent with nonscanning internal ribosome entry was found in all HRVs and may account for rapid translation. The data density from complete sequences of the reference HRVs provided high resolution for this degree of modeling and serves as a platform for full genome-based epidemiologic studies and antiviral or vaccine development.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Screening Respiratory Samples for Detection of Human Rhinoviruses (HRVs) and Enteroviruses: Comprehensive VP4-VP2 Typing Reveals High Incidence and Genetic Diversity of HRV Species C.
A. Wisdom, E. C. M. Leitch, E. Gaunt, H. Harvala, and P. Simmonds (2009)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 3958-3967
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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)