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Published Online May 25, 2006
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1126531

Reports

Submitted on February 22, 2006
Accepted on May 17, 2006

Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic and Nonpandemic HIV-1

Brandon F. Keele 1, Fran Van Heuverswyn 2, Yingying Li 1, Elizabeth Bailes 3, Jun Takehisa 1, Mario L. Santiago 4, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche 1, Yalu Chen 1, Louise V. Wain 3, Florian Liegeois 2, Severin Loul 5, Eitel Mpoudi Ngole 5, Yanga Bienvenue 5, Eric Delaporte 2, John F. Y. Brookfield 3, Paul M. Sharp 3, George M. Shaw 6, Martine Peeters 2, Beatrice H. Hahn 1*

1 Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
2 Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
3 Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
4 Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Present address: Gladstone Institute for Virology and immunology, University of California at San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
5 Projet Prevention du Sida au Cameroun (PRESICA), BP1857, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
6 Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 720 South 20th Street, KAUL 816, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Beatrice H. Hahn , E-mail: bhahn{at}uab.edu

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the cause of human AIDS, represents a zoonotic infection of staggering proportions and social impact. Yet, uncertainty persists regarding its natural reservoir. The virus most closely related to HIV-1 is a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) thus far identified only in captive members of the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Here, we report the detection of SIVcpz antibodies and nucleic acids in fecal samples from wild-living P. t. troglodytes apes in southern Cameroon where prevalence rates in some communities reached 29 to 35%. By sequence analysis of endemic SIVcpz strains, we could trace the origins of pandemic (group M) and non-pandemic (group N) HIV-1 to distinct, geographically isolated chimpanzee communities. These findings establish P. t. troglodytes as the natural reservoir of HIV-1.


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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)