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Published Online September 1, 2005
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1108296

Reports

Submitted on December 6, 2004
Accepted on April 6, 2005

Parallel Patterns of Evolution in the Genomes and Transcriptomes of Humans and Chimpanzees

Philipp Khaitovich 1, Ines Hellmann 1, Wolfgang Enard 1, Katja Nowick 1, Marcus Leinweber 1, Henriette Franz 1, Gunter Weiss 2, Michael Lachmann 1, Svante Pääbo 1*

1 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
2 WE Informatik, Bioinformatik, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Svante Pääbo , E-mail: paabo{at}eva.mpg.de

The determination of the chimpanzee genome sequence provides a new means to study both structural and functional aspects of the evolution of the human genome. Here we compare humans and chimpanzees with respect to differences in expression levels and protein-coding sequences for genes active in brain, heart, liver, kidney, and testis. We find that the patterns of differences in gene expression and gene sequences are remarkably similar. In particular, there is a gradation of selective constraints among the tissues so that the brain shows the least differences between the species while liver shows the most. Furthermore, expression levels as well as amino acid sequences of genes active in more tissues have diverged less between the species than genes active in fewer tissues. In general, these patterns are consistent with a model of neutral evolution with negative selection. However, for X-chromosomal genes expressed in testis, patterns suggestive of positive selection on sequence changes as well as expression changes are seen. Furthermore, although genes expressed in the brain have changed less than genes expressed in other tissues, in agreement with previous work we find that genes active in brain have accumulated more changes on the human than the chimpanzee lineage.


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