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Published Online March 4, 2004
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1093857

Research Articles

Submitted on November 20, 2003
Accepted on February 20, 2004

Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Sargasso Sea

J. Craig Venter 1*, Karin Remington 1, John F. Heidelberg 2, Aaron L. Halpern 3, Doug Rusch 3, Jonathan A. Eisen 2, Dongying Wu 2, Ian Paulsen 2, Karen E. Nelson 2, William Nelson 2, Derrick E. Fouts 2, Samuel Levy 3, Anthony H. Knap 4, Michael W. Lomas 4, Ken Nealson 5, Owen White 2, Jeremy Peterson 2, Jeff Hoffman 1, Rachel Parsons 4, Holly Baden-Tillson 1, Cynthia Pfannkoch 1, Yu-Hui Rogers 6, Hamilton O. Smith 1

1 The Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
2 The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
3 The Center for the Advancement of Genomics, 1901 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
4 Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc., 17 Biological Lane, St George GE 01, Bermuda.
5 University of Southern California, 223 Science Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740, USA.
6 The J. Craig Venter Science Foundation Joint Technology Center, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jcventer{at}tcag.org.

We have applied "whole genome shotgun sequencing" to microbial populations collected en mass on tangential flow and impact filters from sea water samples collected from the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda. A total of 1.045 billion basepairs of non-redundant sequence was generated, annotated and analyzed to elucidate the gene content, and diversity and relative abundance of the organisms within these environmental samples. These data are estimated to derive from at least 1800 genomic species based on sequence relatedness, including 148 novel bacterial phylotypes. We have identified over 1.2 million new genes represented in these samples, including more than 782 new rhodopsin-like photoreceptors. Variation in species present and stoichiometry suggests substantial oceanic microbial diversity.


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