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Published Online November 20, 2003
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1089835

Reports

Submitted on July 30, 2003
Accepted on November 6, 2003

One-way Control of FWA Imprinting in Arabidopsis Endosperm by DNA Methylation

Tetsu Kinoshita 1*, Asuka Miura 2, Yeonhee Choi 3, Yuki Kinoshita 2, Xiaofeng Cao 4, Steven E. Jacobsen 5, Robert L. Fischer 3, Tetsuji Kakutani 6*

1 Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan; Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima 411-8540, Japan.
2 Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan.
3 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.
4 Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
5 Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Post Office Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
6 Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tekinosh{at}lab.nig.ac.jp, tkakutan{at}lab.nig.ac.jp.

The Arabidopsis FWA gene was initially identified from late flowering epigenetic mutants that show ectopic FWA expression due to heritable hypomethylation of repeats around transcription starting site. Here we show that wild type FWA displays imprinted (maternal-origin-specific) expression in endosperm. The FWA imprint depends on the maintenance DNA methyltransferase MET1, as is the case in mammals. Unlike mammals, however, the FWA imprint is not established by allele-specific de novo methylation. It is established by maternal gametophyte-specific gene activation, which depends on a DNA glycosylase gene, DEMETER. Since endosperm does not contribute to the next generation, the activated FWA gene need not be silenced again. Double fertilization enables plants to use such 'one-way' control of imprinting and DNA methylation in endosperm.


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