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Published Online October 24, 2002
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1076768

Research Articles

Submitted on July 30, 2002
Accepted on October 4, 2002

Molecule Cascades

A. J. Heinrich 1*, C. P. Lutz 1, J. A. Gupta 1, D. M. Eigler 1

1 IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: heinrich{at}almaden.ibm.com.

Carbon monoxide molecules were arranged in atomically precise configurations, which we call "molecule cascades," where the motion of one molecule causes the subsequent motion of another, and so on in a cascade of motion similar to a row of toppling dominoes. Isotopically pure cascades were assembled on a copper (111) surface with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. The hopping rate of carbon monoxide molecules in cascades was found to be independent of temperature below 6 kelvin and to exhibit a pronounced isotope effect, hallmarks of a quantum tunneling process. At higher temperatures, we observed a thermally activated hopping rate with an anomalously low Arrhenius prefactor that we interpret as tunneling from excited vibrational states. We present a cascade-based computation scheme that has all of the devices and interconnects required for the one-time computation of an arbitrary logic function. Logic gates and other devices were implemented by engineered arrangements of molecules at the intersections of cascades. We demonstrate a three-input sorter that uses several AND gates and OR gates, as well as the crossover and fan-out units needed to connect them.


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