Ultrafast Bond Softening in Bismuth: Mapping a Solid's Interatomic Potential with X-rays
D. M. Fritz, D. A. Reis, B. Adams, R. A. Akre, J. Arthur, C. Blome, P. H. Bucksbaum, A. L. Cavalieri, S. Engemann, S. Fahy, R. W. Falcone, P. H. Fuoss, K. J. Gaffney, M. J. George, J. Hajdu, M. P. Hertlein, P. B. Hillyard, M. Horn-von Hoegen, M. Kammler, J. Kaspar, R. Kienberger, P. Krejcik, S. H. Lee, A. M. Lindenberg, B. McFarland, D. Meyer, T. Montagne, É. D. Murray, A. J. Nelson, M. Nicoul, R. Pahl, J. Rudati, H. Schlarb, D. P. Siddons, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, Th. Tschentscher, D. von der Linde, J. B. Hastings
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Movie 1
A technical challenge involving the synchronization of the excitation laser pulse with the x-ray probe pulse was circumvented to perform the experiments of this manuscript. The timing of the x-ray pulse relative to the laser cannot be synchronized below the picosecond level. In order to achieve sufficient time resolution to study coherent atomic motion, we measure the arrival time on a shot-by-shot basis (Cavalieri et al., using electro-optic sampling). This now allows us to take time-resolved x-ray data using the jitter as a means of random sampling. Seen here is real-time data being binned according to arrival time (upper plot). Upper: signal w/ error bars. Lower left: single-shot timing signal. Lower right: histogram of arrival times.
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