A Fossil Lemur from the Oligocene of Pakistan L. Marivaux, J.-L. Welcomme, P.-O. Antoine, G. Métais, I. M. Baloch, M. Benammi, Y. Chaimanee, S. Ducrocq, J.-J. Jaeger

Stratigraphic context of the new fossiliferous locality of Paali 
(After Welcomme et al., 2001; ref. 5 of the report)

Data base of the cladistic analysis:

* dental characters;
* data matrix.

A fossil lemur from the Oligocene of Pakistan


Marivaux, L. et al.


DENTITION


Most of characters are after Ross et al. (1998) (numbers mentioned in brackets)
Characters followed by an asterisk were considered "ordered".


LOWER TEETH


INCISORS

1. (1. i1*) Lower incisor number
 0= three
 1= two
 2= one: I1 present, I2 absent
 3= absent.

2. (2. i2.)  Lower incisor occlusal arrangement
 0= arcuate battery in occlusal perspective (U-shaped arcade)
 1= cusp tips staggered (V-shaped arcade).

3. (i3.)  Lower incisor crown spacing
 0= no spaces
 1= spaces present between crowns. 

4. (i4.)  I2-C diastema
 0= present
 1= absent.

5. (6. i6*.) I1:I2 proportions (ratio of I1 area to I2 area)
 0= I1 much smaller than I2 (<0.65)
 1= I1 smaller than I2 (=>0.65, <0.82)
 2= I1 almost as large as I2 (=>0.83, <1.00)
 3= I1 larger than I2 (=>1.01, <1.25)
 4= I1 much larger than I2 (=>1.25).

6. (8. i8.)   I2 crown cross-sectional shape (ratio of m-d length to b-l breadth)
 0= rounded oval (=>0.64)
 1= mesiodistally compressed (<0.64).

7. (9. i9*.)   Lower incisors  crown height (crown heights judged from cementoenamel junction to crown tip on the buccal surface)
 0= low crowned
 1= moderately high crowned
 2= high crowned.

8. (11. i11*.)  Lower incisor roots
 0= erect or vertical
 1= slightly procumbent
 2= very procumbent.

9. (12. i12*.)  Lower incisor crowns
 0= erect or vertical
 1= procumbent
 2= very procumbent.

10. (13. i13.) Tooth comb
 0= absent
 1= with three teeth
 2= with two teeth.

11. (14. i14.)  I1 crown shape
 0= spatulate
 1= lanceolate, pointed.

12. (18. i19*.)  I1 to M1 area
 0= I1 very small (I1<M1).


CANINES

13. (19. c1.*.)  Female C1/1 area (relative to molars)
 0= very small (C1/M1 <0.40)
 1= moderate (=>0.4, <0.80)
 2= large (=>0.80, <=1.20)
 3= very large (=>1.20)

14. (21. c3.)  C1 cross-sectional shape
 0= rounded oval
 1= mesiodistally compressed
 2= buccolingually compressed.
 
15. (22. c4.)  C1 lingual crest development
 0= rounded
 1= sharp.
 
16. (23. c5.)  Canine paracristid (not scored if species has canine incorporated into a tooth comb)
 0= oblique to occlusal plane
 1= nearly horizontal to occlusal plane
 2= forms part of cropping mechanism with I1-2.

17. (24. c6.)  Canine height (females)
 0= low, squat
 1= narrow, short
 2= tall, at or above tooth row
 3= taller.

18. Lower canine crown*
 0= erect or vertical
 1= procumbent
 2= very procumbent.

19. Lower canine root*
 0= erect or vertical
 1= slightly procumbent
 2= very procumbent.


PREMOLARS

20. (25. p1.)  P1/1
 0= present
 1= absent 
 
21. (27. p3.)  P2 roots
 0= single
 1= double.

22. (28. p4*.) P3-4 roots
 0= P3 single, P4 single
 1= P3 single, P4 double
 2= P3 double, P4 double.

23. (29. p5*.)  Premolar crowding (overlapping of crowns)
 0= no crowding
 1= slightly crowded
 2= very crowded.

24. (31. p7*.)  P4 paraconid
 0= large
 1= small
 2= absent or extremely small.

25. (32. p9*.)  P4 paraconid position
 0= mesial to protoconid
 1= mesiolingual, between protoconid and metaconid
 2= mesial to metaconid; widely spaced from metaconid
 3= twinned with metaconid.

26. (33. p11*.)  P3-4 cristid obliqua
 0= absent
 1= weak
 2= strong.

27. (34. p13.) P2 protoconid height and shape
 0= slender, projects above protoconids of P3-4
 1= massive, projects above protoconids of P3-4
 2= not projecting, in line with P3
 3= extremely short, shorter than P3.

28. (35. p14.)  P4 metaconid position
 0= close to protoconid
 1= widely spaced from protoconid.

29. (37.  p16*.)  P3 metaconid size
 0= absent or trace
 1= small
 2= large.

30. (38. p17*.)  P4 metaconid size
 0= absent or trace
 1= small
 2= large.

31. (40. p19.)  P3 entoconid and lingual talonid crest
 0= absent
 1= lingual talonid crest present but an entoconid does not stand out above it
 2= entoconid is a small discrete cusp.

32. (41. p20.)  P4 entoconid and lingual talonid crest
 0= absent
 1= lingual talonid crest present but an entoconid does not stand out above it
 2= entoconid is a small discrete cusp
 3= entoconid strongly developed.

33. (46. p25.)  P4 hypoconid size
 0= large
 1= small or absent.

34. (47. 50.  p26.)  P3-4 hypoconid position (or distal terminus of oblique cristid)
 0= distal to protoconid
 1= distal to metaconid, or between protoconid and metaconid 

35. (48. p27*.)  P4 hypocristid shearing development
 0= absent
 1= weak
 2= strong.

36. (49. p28*.)  P2 buccal cingulum development
 0= absent
 1= incomplete, broken at protoconid and hypoconid
 2= complete.

37. (50. p29*.)  Lower premolar inflation
 0= not basally inflated
 1= slightly basally inflated
 2= very basally inflated.

38. (52. p31*.)  P4 talonid length (ratio of midline m-d length of trigonid to m-d length of talonid)
 0= extremely short or non-existent (tri:tal => 1.61)
 1= short (much shorter than trigonid) (tri:tal => 1.27,  < 1.61)
 2= equal or slightly shorter in length to trigonid (tri:tal => 0.92, < 1.27)
 3= talonid longer than trigonid (tri:tal < 0.91). 

39. (53. p33*.)  premolar orientation
 0= Crown bases vertical in lateral perspective
 1= slightly oblique
 2= strongly oblique, projecting medial over the anterior.

40. (54. p34.)  P4 anterobuccal cingulum development
 0= absent or trace
 1= strong.

41. (55. p36.)  P4 postprotoconid ridge*
 0= weak or absent
 1= moderate
 2= very strong.

42. (56. p37.)  P4 postmetaconid ridge*
  0= weak or absent
  1= moderate
  2= very strong.

43. (57. p40*.)  P4 paraconid height
  0= low
 1= moderate
 2= high (nearly as high as protoconid).

44. (58. p41*.)  P3-4 protoconid height
  0= P3 much lower than p4
 1= P3 slightly lower than P4
 2= P3 equal in height to P4
 3= P3 higher than P4.

45. (60. p43*.)  P4 m-d L/ b-l W
  0 = (<0.95)
 1= (=>0.96, <1.14)
 2= (=>1.15, <1.20)
 3= (=> 1.21, <1.35
 4= (=> 1.36, <1.46)
 5= (>1.47).

46. (61. p44*.)  P4 to M1 area
 0= (<0.62)
 1= (=>0.63, <0.72)
 2= (=>0.73, <0.82)
 3= (=>0.83, <0.92)
 4= (=>0.93, <1.02)
 5= (>1.03).

47. (62. p45.)  P3-4 root orientation
 0=  P3-4 roots aligned mesiodistally
 1= P3  root shifted laterally, P4 mesial root aligned mesiodistally
 2= P3  roots aligned mesiodistally, P4 mesial root shifted laterally. [Score as missing if roots are single].

48. P3 hypoconid size*
 0= large
 1= small
 2= minute to absent.

49. P2-P3 diastema*
 0= absent
 1= slightly
 2= wide.

50. P2/P3 area*
 0= P2 << P3
 1= P2 <= P3
 2= P2 > P3
 3= P2 >> P3.

51. P2 crown*
 0= erect or vertical
 1= slightly procumbent
 2= procumbent.

52. P2 root*
 0= erect or vertical
 1= slightly procumbent
 2= procumbent.

53. P2/2
 0= present
 1= absent.


MOLARS

54. (67. m6*.)  M2 trigonid width (ratio of buccolingual breadths of trigonid and talonid)
 0= much wider than talonid (=> 1.11)
 1= widths similar (<1.11, >0.90)
 2= much narrower than talonid (=<0.90).

55. (68. m7*.)  M3 trigonid width (based on relative buccolingual breadths)
 0= much wider than talonid (=> 1.20)
 1= trigonid and talonid widths similar (=<1.20-1.05)
 2= trigonid narrower than talonid (<1.05).
 
56. (75. m14*.)  M3 heel
 0= absent
 1= narrower than talonid
 2= approximately equal in width to talonid.

57. (77. m16*.)  M1 trigonid height (ratio of trigonid height to talonid height)
 0= higher than talonid (=> 1.20)
 1= slightly higher than talonid (=> 1.10, <1.20)
 2= trigonid and talonid of similar height (< 1.10).

58. (80. m19.)  M1 metaconid position
 0= lingual to protoconid
 1= slightly distolingual to protoconid.

59. (81. m20*.)  M1-2 paraconid development
 0= indistinct to absent (crestiform)
 1= small
 2= large.

60. (86. m25*.)  M1-2 entoconid
 0= absent (indistinct, crestiform)
 1= barely stands out on lingual talonid marginal crest
 2= a small discrete cusp
 3= a large cusp.

61. (88. m27*.)  M1 hypoconulid size
 0= large
 1= moderate
 2= small
 3= absent.

62. (89. m28*)  M2 hypoconulid size
 0= large
 1= moderate
 2= small
 3= absent.

63. (90. m29*.)  M3 hypoconulid size
 0= large
 1= moderate
 2= small
 3= absent.

64. (91. m30*.)  M1-2 hypoconulid position
 0= twinned to entoconid
 1= near midline
 2= slightly buccal to midline.

65. (92. m31*.)  M1-2 cristid obliqua development
 0= weak (rounded)
 1= strong (trenchant)
 2= very strong (trenchant).

66. (93. m32*.)  M1 cristid obliqua orientation
 0= reaches trigonid wall at a point distal to protoconid
 1= reaches trigonid wall at a point distolingual to protoconid
 2= reaches trigonid wall at a point located between protoconid and metaconid
 3= reaches trigonid wall at a point distal to metaconid.

67. (94. m33*.)  M2 cristid obliqua orientation
 0= reaches trigonid wall at a point distal to protoconid
 1= reaches trigonid wall at a point distolingual to protoconid
 2= reaches trigonid wall at a point located between protoconid and metaconid
 3= reaches trigonid wall at a point distal to metaconid.

68. (95. m34.)  M1 cristid obliqua terminus
 0= runs to base of trigonid
 1= runs part way up the distal trigonid wall
 2= connects with protoconid tip or protocristid
 3= connects with metaconid.

69. (96. m35.)  M2 cristid obliqua terminus
 0= runs to base of trigonid
 1= runs part way up the distal trigonid wall
 2= connects with protoconid tip or protocristid
 3= connects with metaconid.

70. (97. m36.)  M3 cristid obliqua terminus
 0= runs to base of trigonid
 1= runs part way up the distal trigonid wall
 2= connects with protoconid tip or protocristid
 3= connects with metaconid.

71. (99. m38*.)  M1-2 hypocristid development
 0= absent or seen only as a trace
 1= weak
 2= strong.

72. (100. m39*.)  M3 hypocristid development
 0= absent or seen only as a trace
 1= weak
 2= strong.

73. (101. m40*.)  M1-2 talonid - lingual configuration
 0= open
 1= notched lingually but not open
 2= closed.

74. (105. m44*.)  Molar cusp inflation
 0= cusps not inflated, marginally positioned
 1= slightly inflated
 2= very inflated.

75. (106. m45*.)  M1-2 buccal cingulum development
 0= absent to trace
 1= partial, broken at protoconid and hypoconid
 2= complete.

76. (107. m46*.)  M1 hypoflexid depth
 0= very shallow
 1= moderate
 2= deep.

77. (108. m47*.)  M2 hypoflexid depth
 0= very shallow
 1= moderate
 2= deep.

78. (109. m53*.)  M2 length/M3 length
  0= M3 much longer than M2 (0.71-0.80)
 1= M3 longer than M2 (0.81-0.90)
 2= M3 equal than M2 (0.91-1.00)
 3= M3 smaller than M2 (1.01-1.12)
 4= M3 much smaller than M2 (=>1.13)
 5 = M3 absent.

79. (111. m55*.)  M1 length/width
 0= 1.0-1.15
 1= 1.16-1.22
 2= 1.23-1.32
 3= >1.33.

80. (112. m56.)  Molar cusp wall convergence
  0= convergent
 1= vertical.

81. (113. m57.)  M1-2 entoconid position relative to hypoconid
 0= transverse to hypoconid
 1= distal to hypoconid.

82. M1-3 Postmetacristid*
 0= weak (low)
 1= moderately elevated (much longer)
 2= strong and highly elevated.

83. M1-3 Protocristid - protoconid connection
 0= distally on the protoconid
 1= lingually on the protoconid
 2= mesiolingually on the protoconid.

84. M1-3 Paracristid labial configuration*
 0= non mesially elongated
 1= moderately mesially elongated
 2= strongly mesially elongated (straight)

85. M1-2 Hypoconid*
 0= normal cusp
 1= mesiodistally elongated (buccolingually compressed)

86. M1-2 Postentocristid* 
 0= indistinct to absent
 1= weakly developed (low)
 2= well-developed (strong and high; connected to hypoconulid)

87. M3 Postentocristid* 
 0= indistinct to absent
 1= weakly developed (low)
 2= well-developed (strong and high; connected to hypoconulid)

88. M1-3 Preentocristid*
 0= indistinct to absent
 1= weakly developed (low)
 2= well-developed (strong and high)

89. M1 paraconid position*
 0= mesial to protoconid
 1= mesiolingual, between protoconid and metaconid
 2= mesial to metaconid
 
90. M2 paraconid position*
 0= mesial to protoconid
 1= mesiolingual, between protoconid and metaconid
 2= mesial to metaconid
 
91. M3 paraconid position*
 0= mesial to protoconid
 1= mesiolingual, between protoconid and metaconid
 2= mesial to metaconid 

92. M1-3 paraconid location (mesiodistally, relative to trigonid wall)
 0= widely spaced 
 1= closed.

93. premetacristid
 0= absent
 1= present.
 

UPPER TEETH


INCISORS

94. (114. I1*.)  I1-I2 interstitial contact
 0= absent teeth widely spaced
 1= present as narrow contact
 2= I2 tightly packed against I1, I1 preparacrista abbreviated.

95. (115. I2.)  I1-I1 interstitial contact
 0= present
 1= absent, a wide space occurs in the midline between these teeth.

96. (116. I3.)  I2-C diastema
 0= present
 1= absent.

97. (117. I4*.)  I1 area:I2 area
 0= areas approximately equal (=<1.00)
 1= I1 slightly larger than I2 (>1.00, <1.40)
 2= I1 much larger than I2 (>1.40).

98. (118. I5*.)  I1 size (I1 area: M1 area)
 0= small (=<0.50)
 1= moderate (>0.50, <0.56)
 2= large (=>0.56).

99. (119. I6*.)  I1 occlusal shape (mesiodistal length/buccolingual breadth)
 0= rounded oval (<1.05)
 1= buccolingually compressed (>1.05, <1.30)
 2= extremely compressed (>1.30).

100. (120. I7*.)  I2 occlusal shape (mesiodistal length /buccolingual breadth)
 0= rounded oval (=<1.05)
 1= slightly buccolingually compressed (>1.05, <1.30)
 2= extremely buccolingually compressed =>1.30).

101. (121. I8.)  I1 crown shape
 0= spatulate, no apparent occlusal cusp, mesial and distal edges continuous and rounded
 1= semi-spatulate, central cusp present but blunt with discernible mesial and distal occlusal crests
 2= central occlusal cusp pointed, occlusal edges steep.

102. (123. I10.)  I1 occlusal edge orientation (spatulate incisors only)
 0= occlusal edge orthogonal to long axis of root
 1= occlusal edge wears at a steep angle to long axis of root
 2= crown with pronounced mesial asymmetry (=mesial process) in unworn state.

103. (124. I11*.)  I1-2 lingual cingulum
 0= weak, discontinuous
 1= moderate, continuous
 2= strong.

104. (125. I12.)  I1 basal lingual cusp
 0= absent
 1= present.

105. (126. I13.)  I1-I2 buccal cingulum
 0= absent
 1= present.


CANINES

106. (127. C1.)  C1 cross-sectional shape
 0= oval
 1= rounded.

107. (128. C2*.)  Upper canine occlusion
 0= C1 wears against C1-P1
 1= C1 wears against P1-2
 2= C1 wears against P2
 3= C1 wears against P2-3
 4= C1 wears against P3.

108. (129. C3.)  C1 mesial groove (females)
 0= shallow or absent
 1= deep.

109. (130. C4*.)  C1 lingual cingulum
 0= weak or absent
 1= strong
 2= very strong.


PREMOLARS

110. (131. P1*.)  P2 root number
 0= one (if tooth is absent, taxon scored "0")
 1= two
 2= three.

111. (134. P4*.)  P2 area:P3 area
 0= P2 much smaller (<=0.85) (if tooth is absent, taxon scored "0")
 1= P2 smaller (>0.85, <0.95)
 2= P2 equal (>0.95, <1.05)
 3= P2 larger (=>1.05).

112. (135. P5*.)  P4 area:M1 area
 0= P4<< M1 (<= 0.66)
 1= P4< M1 (> 0.66, <=0.76)
 2= P4= M1 (0.77-1.05)
 3= P4>M1 (>1.06).

113. (136. P6.)   P2 occlusal outline
 0= triangular
 1= suboval with the long axis bucco-lingual
 2= suboval with the long axis mesio-distal
 3= round.

114. (138. P8.)   P3-4 trigon/talon proportions
 0= trigon >= talon
 1= trigon < talon.

115. (139. P9.)   P3 protocone
 0= present
 1= absent.

116. (140. P10.)   P4 metacone
 0= absent
 1= present.

117. (141. P11.)   P4 protocone
 0= low relative to paracone
 1= high relative to paracone.

118. (144. P14*.)  P4 paraconule
 0= large
 1= small
 2= absent.

119. (145. P15.)   P3-4 parastyles
 0= present
 1= absent.

120. (146. P16.)   P3-4 metastyles
 0= absent
 1= present.

121. (147. P17.)   P3-4 postprotocrista
 0=strong
 1= weak, short.

122. (148. P18.)  P3 distal crown margin
 0= smoothly rounded
 1= waisted between buccal and lingual cusps.

123. (149. P19.)   P4 lingual cingulum*
 0= absent
 1= weak
 2= strong.

124. (150. P20.)   P3 metacone
  0= absent
  1= present

125. (151. P21.)   P3-4 buccal cingulum development
 0= absent or weak
 1= strong.

126. P4 hypocone*
 0= minute to absent
 1= present but small
 2= strong. 

127. P3 hypocone
 0= absent
 1= present 
 

MOLARS

128. (154. M3*.)  M2 shape (bl/md) 
 0= very broad (>1.65)
 1= broad (<1.65, >1.30)
 2= squared (=<1.30).

129. (155. M4*.)  M1 area:M2 area 
 0= M1>>M2 (=>1.40)
 1= M1 > M2 (<1.40, >1.0)
 2= M1 =<  M2 (=<1.0).

130. (160. M10*.)  M1 hypocone size
 0= large
 1= small
 2= minute to absent.

131. (161. M11*.)  M2 hypocone size
 0= large
 1= small
 2= minute to absent.

132. (162. M12.)  M1-2 hypocone position
 0= distal, slightly lingual to protocone
 1= distal, far lingual to protocone.

133. (163. M13*.)  M1-2 prehypocrista development
 0= absent
 1= weak
 2= strong, reaches to postprotocrista, encloses the talon lingually.

134. (166. M16*.)  M1-2 metaconule size
 0= absent
 1= small
 2= moderate
 3= large.

135. (170. M20*.)  M1 pericone
 0= absent
 1= small
 2= large.

136. (171. M22*.)  M1-2 lingual cingulum development
 0= absent to indistinct
 1= weak, broken
 2= strong, complete.

137. (172. M24*.)  M1-2 buccal cingulum development
 0= absent
 1= weak
 2= strong.

138. (173. M27.)  M1-2 pre-metaconule cristae
 0= absent or weak
 1= strong.

139. (174. M28.)  M1-2 post-metaconule cristae
 0= absent or weak
 1= strong.

140. (175. M30*.)  M3 paraconule
 0= absent
 1= small-moderate
 2= large

141. (176. M31*.)  Molar protocone lingual inflation
 0= not inflated
 1= slightly inflated
 2= very inflated.

142. (178. M34*.)  M3 metacone
 0= absent or very small
 1= moderate (but smaller than paracone)
 2= large (equal to paracone).

143. (179. M36*.)  M3 hypocone
 0= absent or very small
 1= small.
 2= large.

144. (180. M37*.)  M1-2 paraconule size
 0= absent
 1= small-moderate (smaller than paracone)
 2=  large (nearly as large as or larger than paracone).

145. (182. M46*.)  M3 size relative to M1
 0= very small (half the size of M1 or less)
 1= small (two thirds)
 2= large (approximately as large).

146. M1-2 mesostyle size*
 0= absent to indistinct
 1= moderate
 2= strong.

147. M1-2 metastyle*
 0= indistinct to absent
 1= moderate
 2= strong.

148. M1-2 parastyle*
 0= indistinct to absent
 1= moderate
 2= strong.

149. M1-2 parastyle position
 0= mesial to paracone
 1= mesiobuccal to paracone.

150. M1-2 metastyle position
 0= distal to metacone
 1= distobuccal to metacone  
  
151. M1-3 posterior cingulum*
 0= weakly developed
 1= moderate, does not reach the metastyle
 2= connected to metastyle.

152. M1-3 posterior margin (waisted between buccal and lingual cusps )*
 0= indistinct to absent
 1= present but shallow
 2= present, deep.

153. M1-2 postparacrista*
 0= indistinct to absent
 1= weakly developed
 2= well developed (but well-marked notch between postparacrista and premetacrista)
 3= strongly elevated (weak notch between postparacrista and premetacrista).
 
154. M1-2 premetacrista*
 0= indistinct to absent
 1= weakly developed
 2= well developed (but well-marked notch between premetacrista and postparacrista)
 3= strongly elevated (weak notch between premetacrista and postparacrista).

155. M1-3 protocone arrangement
 0= normal position
 1= oblique.

156. M1-2 postprotocrista development
 0= strong
 1= tiny.

157. M1 postprotocrista length*
 0= indistinct to absent
 1= short 
 2= long.
 
158. M2 postprotocrista length*
 0= indistinct to absent
 1= short 
 2= long.

159. M1 postprotocrista direction
 0= transverse, directed toward metaconule (or virtual metaconule emplacement)
 1= lateral, directed toward the lingual posterior cingulum (post-protocone fold-like).

160. M2 postprotocrista direction
 0= transverse, directed toward metaconule (or virtual metaconule emplacement)
 1= lateral, directed toward lingual posterior cingulum (post-protocone fold-like).

161. M1 postprotocrista terminus
 0= runs to base of metacone (with hypometacrista)
 1= runs to metaconule (at the level of the small or virtual metaconule)
 2= runs to posterior cingulum 
 3= limited at a point distal to protocone.

162. M2 postprotocrista terminus
 0= runs to base of metacone (with hypometacrista)
 1= runs to metaconule (at the level of the small or virtual metaconule)
 2= runs to posterior cingulum 
 3= limited at a point distal to protocone.

163. M1-2 preprotocrista
 0= low 
 1= elevated. 

164. M1 preprotocrista connection (buccal side)
 0= connected between paracone and parastyle (by way of preparaconule crista)
 1= connected to parastyle (by way of preparaconule crista)
 2= connected to paraconule.

165. M2 preprotocrista connection (buccal side)
 0= connected between paracone and parastyle (by way of preparaconule crista)
 1= connected to parastyle (by way of preparaconule crista).
 2= connected to paraconule.

166. M1-2 postparaconule crista*
 0= indistinct to absent
 1= moderate
 2= well-developed (connected to paracone)

167. M1-2 anterior cingulum*
 0= weak to absent
 1= strong, short
 2= strong, long (connected to parastyle).

168. M1-2 hypometacrista*
 0= absent
 1= weakly developed (low), runs toward protocone
 2= well-developed (high).

169. M1-2 hypoparacrista*
 0= absent
 1= weakly developed (low), run toward protocone
 2= well-developed (high).

• View the Excel table for Marivaux et al.

Supplemental Figure 1. Stratigraphic log of the new fossiliferous locality of Paali (Bugti Hills). The locality of Paali, replaced in the local stratigraphy (compared with the synthetic stratigraphic section of Dera Bugti (5)), occurs in the lowermost fluvio-deltaic levels of the Bugti Oligocene continental sequence (Chitarwata Formation, Bugti Member, equivalent to the Oligocene Nari Formation), which are unconformably situated above the latest deposits of the marine Eocene Kirthar Formation. The locality is situated about 25 m above the contact between the Chitarwata and the Kirthar formations, and about 60 m below what we consider to be the earliest Miocene deposits. Bone symbols placed on the right of each stratigraphic section indicate the successive fossiliferous levels recorded in both southern and northern sides respectively of the Zin anticline (Fig. 1). Fossiliferous correspondences between the southern and northern sides of the Zin anticline have been established on the basis of direct lithostratigraphic and faunal comparisons (5).

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• Kirthar Fm.: HR = Habib Rahi Limestone Mb.; Do = Domanda Shale Mb.; PK = Pir Koh Limestone Mb.; Dr = Drazinda Shale Mb.
• Nari Fm.: LN = Lower Nari (Nal Mb.); UN = Upper Nari.