Tail Reconnection Triggering Substorm Onset
Vassilis Angelopoulos, James P. McFadden, Davin Larson, Charles W. Carlson,
Stephen B. Mende, Harald Frey, Tai Phan, David G. Sibeck, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier,
Uli Auster, Eric Donovan, Ian R. Mann, I. Jonathan Rae, Christopher T. Russell,
Andrei Runov, Xu-Zhi Zhou, Larry Kepko
Supporting Online Material
This supplement contains:
Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 and S2
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Other Supporting Online Material for this manuscript includes the following: (available at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1160495/DC1)
Movie S1 to S7
Movie s1
Mosaic movie of THEMIS ASI images of the aurora on 26 February 2008,
obtained at a 3-s cadence, and mapped over the American continent at an altitude of 110
km. Images from up to 18 stations were available during this interval. The dotted lines
are magnetic longitudes every one hour in local time, and latitudes every 10 degrees,
fixed relative to Earth. The solid line is local magnetic midnight at the time of each
mosaic image; the line moves to the west with time due to Earth's rotation. The moon,
low on the horizon, is evident in several images larger than normal size when it
illuminates clouds near a ground station. Auroral intensification and poleward expansion
are evident at around 04:50 UT at the two stations just to the west of the Hudson Bay,
around 70° magnetic latitude. These are stations Gillam to the south and Rankin Inlet to
the north. The arc that brightened was also visible at station Sanikiluaq, located southsoutheast
of the Hudson Bay.
Movie s2
Detailed view of the region of substorm onset, using a subset of the THEMIS
ASI images on 26 February 2008. Stations used are: Rankin Inlet (top), Gillam (bottom)
and Sanikiluaq (bottom, right). Format is same as in Movie S1. The dotted magnetic
latitude line between Rankin Inlet and Gillam corresponds to 70°.
Movie s3
Movie of auroral images on 26 February 2008, taken at Rabbit Lake station.
The Rabbit Lake camera field of view overlaps with that of adjacent THEMIS GBOs
Gillam to the east and that of Fort Smith to the west. Rabbit Lake is located at 67.7N,
43.3W magnetic latitude, longitude, i.e., mid-way between Gillam and Fort Smith. In the
images, north is up and west is left; image cadence is 6 s.
Movie s4
Mosaic movie of THEMIS ASI images of substorm onset at around 04:50 UT
on 16 February 2008. The format is the same as in Movie S1. The moon, high in the sky,
is evident in all images, and creates an intense background when it illuminates clouds
passing over the station. Smoke emitted by nearby sources and illuminated by the moon
does not represent auroral light at 04:40 UT at the northeastern-most station (Kuujuaq)
and at 05:03 UT at the northwestern-most station, Kiana. The aurora intensified by
04:50:30 UT at station Sanikiluaq, which is south-southeast of the Hudson Bay. Due to
the presence of the moon and clouds, timing of auroral intensification is an upper limit,
but poleward expansion is clearly seen in the 30 seconds following auroral brightening.
Movie s5
Expanded view of mosaics from THEMIS ASIs Rankin Inlet (top left) and
Sanikiluaq (bottom right) for the substorm of ~04:50 UT on 16 February 2008. The
format is the same as in Movie S1. The dotted magnetic latitude line between Rankin
Inlet and Gillam corresponds to 70°.
Movie s6
Mosaic movie of THEMIS ASI images of the substorm onset at around 04:40
UT on 22 February 2008. The format is the same as in Movie S1. The moon and its
contaminating effects are evident as in Movie S2. Nevertheless, the auroral
intensification onset is seen at 04:37:36 UT at Gillam station, located south-southwest of
the Hudson Bay.
Movie s7
Movie of images from THEMIS ASI station Gillam during the substorm onset
at ~04:40 UT on 22 February 2008. The format is the same as in Movie S1. The dotted
magnetic latitude lines straddling the center of the field of view correspond to 70° and 60°
(top and bottom respectively).
To view these movies, download a QuickTime viewer.
