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Science 24 April 2009:
Vol. 324. no. 5926, pp. 522 - 528
DOI: 10.1126/science.1169588
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Reports

The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution

The Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium*, Christine G. Elsik1, Ross L. Tellam2 and Kim C. Worley3


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Protein orthology comparison among genomes of cattle, dog, human, mouse, and rat (Bos taurus, Canis familiaris, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, representing placental mammals), opossum (Monodelphis domestica, marsupial), and platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus, monotreme). (A) The majority of mammalian genes are orthologous, with more than half preserved as single copies (dark blue); a few thousand have species-specific duplications (blue); another few thousand have been lost in specific lineages (orange). We also show those lacking confident orthology assignment (green), and those that are apparently lineage specific [unique (white)]. Placental-specific orthologs are shown in pink. Single- or multiple-copy genes were defined on the basis of representatives in human, bovine, or dog; mouse or rat; and opossum or platypus. (B) Venn diagram showing shared orthologous groups (duplicated genes were counted as one) between laurasiatherians (cattle and dog), human, rodents (mouse and rat), and nonplacental mammals (opossum and platypus) on the basis of the presence of a representative gene in at least one of the grouped species [as in (A)]. (C) Distribution of ortholog protein identities between human and the other species for a subset of strictly conserved single-copy orthologs. (D) A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree using all single-copy orthologs supports the accepted phylogeny and quantifies the relative rates of molecular evolution expressed as the branch lengths.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Examples of EBRs. Ferungulate-, artiodactyl-, and primate-specific EBRs on HSA1 at 175 to 247 Mbp (other lineage-specific EBRs not shown). Homologous synteny blocks constructed for the macaque, chimp, cattle, dog, mouse, rat, and pig genomes were used for pairwise comparisons (4). White areas correspond to EBRs. Arrows to the right of the chromosome ideogram indicate positions of representative cattle-specific; artiodactyl-specific (specific to the chromosomes of pigs and cattle); ferungulate-specific (cattle, dog, and pig); primate-specific (human, macaque, and chimp); and hominoid-specific (human and chimp) rearrangements. Opossum is shown as an outgroup to the eutherian clade, which allows classification of ferungulate-specific EBRs.

 

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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)