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Science 4 January 2008:
Vol. 319. no. 5859, p. 33
DOI: 10.1126/science.1147046
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Technical Comments
Comment on "Protein Sequences from Mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex Revealed by Mass Spectrometry"
Mike Buckley1,
Angela Walker2,
Simon Y. W. Ho3,
Yue Yang1,
Colin Smith4,
Peter Ashton1,
Jane Thomas Oates1,
Enrico Cappellini1,
Hannah Koon1,
Kirsty Penkman1,
Ben Elsworth1,
Dave Ashford1,
Caroline Solazzo1,
Phillip Andrews2,
John Strahler2,
Beth Shapiro6,
Peggy Ostrom5,
Hasand Gandhi5,
Webb Miller6,
Brian Raney7,
Maria Ines Zylber8,
M. Thomas P. Gilbert9,
Richard V. Prigodich10,
Michael Ryan11,
Kenneth F. Rijsdijk12,
Anwar Janoo13 and
Matthew J. Collins1*
1 BioArch, Departments of Biology, Archaeology, Chemistry and Technology Facility, University of York, Post Office Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK.
2 Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–0404, USA.
3 Evolutionary Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
4 Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
5 Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
6 Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
7 Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California–Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
8 Department of Parasitology, Kuvin Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
9 Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
10 Chemistry Department, Trinity College, 300 Summit Street, Hartford, CT 06106, USA.
11 Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
12 National Museum of Natural History "Naturalis," P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
13 National Heritage Trust Fund Mauritius, Mauritius Institute, La Chaussée Street Port Louis, Mauritius.
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Fig. 1. Plot of radiocarbon age versus estimated effective collagen degradation temperature for radiocarbon-dated bones from laboratory databases (principally Oxford and Groningen). The line represents the expected calendar age at which 1% of the original collagen remains following a zero-order reaction; almost no bone collagen survives beyond this predicted limit. (Inset) The 99% confidence intervals of amino acid compositions by first two principal component analyses (48% of total variance) for bones from NW Europe aged <11 ky (n = 324), 11 to 110 ky (n = 210), 110 to 130 ky (n = 26), and 130 to 700 ky (n = 31). Pliocene samples are not plotted, as their composition (n = 8) is highly variable and yields of amino acids are low. The orange line indicates a compositional trend observed when compact bone is heated for 32 days at 95°C, which reduces collagen to 1% of the initial concentration [each inflection represents a separate analysis; n = 32)]. The composition becomes more similar to mixed tissue samples (meat and bone meal; n = 32), principally due to the depletion of Gly. An amino acid profile for mammoth is consistent with collagen, unlike the associated sediment sample [data from (11)].
[View Larger Version of this Image (25K GIF file)]
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Fig. 2. Phylogenetic networks of  1(I) sequences using Neighbor-Net analysis (A) with the most recent Asara et al. assignments (13) and (B) after our reinterpretation of the mass spectrometric data (12). T. rex does not group with bird/reptile using either set of sequence alignments. More sequence is required for a full, model-based phylogenetic analysis.
[View Larger Version of this Image (36K GIF file)]
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