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Mineralogy and Petrology of Comet 81P/Wild 2 Nucleus Samples
Michael E. Zolensky,1*Thomas J. Zega,2Hajime Yano,3Sue Wirick,4Andrew J. Westphal,5Mike K. Weisberg,6Iris Weber,7Jack L. Warren,8Michael A. Velbel,9Akira Tsuchiyama,10Peter Tsou,11Alice Toppani,12,13Naotaka Tomioka,14Kazushige Tomeoka,14Nick Teslich,12Mitra Taheri,2Jean Susini,15Rhonda Stroud,2Thomas Stephan,7Frank J. Stadermann,16Christopher J. Snead,5Steven B. Simon,17Alexandre Simionovici,18Thomas H. See,19François Robert,20Frans J. M. Rietmeijer,21William Rao,22Murielle C. Perronnet,1Dimitri A. Papanastassiou,23Kyoko Okudaira,3Kazumasa Ohsumi,24Ichiro Ohnishi,14Keiko Nakamura-Messenger,8Tomoki Nakamura,25Smail Mostefaoui,20Takashi Mikouchi,26Anders Meibom,20Graciela Matrajt,27Matthew A. Marcus,28Hugues Leroux,29Laurence Lemelle,18Loan Le,8Antonio Lanzirotti,30Falko Langenhorst,31Alexander N. Krot,32Lindsay P. Keller,1Anton T. Kearsley,33David Joswiak,27Damien Jacob,29Hope Ishii,12Ralph Harvey,34Kenji Hagiya,35Lawrence Grossman,17,36Jeffrey N. Grossman,37Giles A. Graham,12Matthieu Gounelle,20,33Philippe Gillet,18Matthew J. Genge,38George Flynn,39Tristan Ferroir,18Stewart Fallon,12Denton S. Ebel,40Zu Rong Dai,12Patrick Cordier,29Benton Clark,41Miaofang Chi,12Anna L. Butterworth,5Donald E. Brownlee,27John C. Bridges,42Sean Brennan,43Adrian Brearley,21John P. Bradley,12Pierre Bleuet,15Phil A. Bland,33,38Ron Bastien8
The bulk of the comet 81P/Wild 2 (hereafter Wild 2) samplesreturned to Earth by the Stardust spacecraft appear to be weaklyconstructed mixtures of nanometer-scale grains, with occasionalmuch larger (over 1 micrometer) ferromagnesian silicates, Fe-Nisulfides, Fe-Ni metal, and accessory phases. The very wide rangeof olivine and low-Ca pyroxene compositions in comet Wild 2requires a wide range of formation conditions, probably reflectingvery different formation locations in the protoplanetary disk.The restricted compositional ranges of Fe-Ni sulfides, the widerange for silicates, and the absence of hydrous phases indicatethat comet Wild 2 experienced little or no aqueous alteration.Less abundant Wild 2 materials include a refractory particle,whose presence appears to require radial transport in the earlyprotoplanetary disk.
1 Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. 2 Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6360, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA. 3 JAXA-ISAS, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan. 4 National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA. 5 Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720–7450, USA. 6 Department of Physical Sciences, Kingsborough Community College (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY 11235, USA. 7 Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany. 8 Jacobs Sverdrup, Engineering Science Contract Group, Houston, TX 77058, USA. 9 Department of Geological Sciences, 206 Natural Science Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824–1115, USA. 10 Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan. 11 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, M/S 183-501, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. 12 Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA. 13 Centre de Spectrometrie Nucleaire et de Spectrometrie de Masse, Bâtiment 104, 91405 Orsay Campus, France. 14 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan. 15 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Boîte Postale 220, 38043 Grenoble, France. 16 Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. 17 Department of Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. 18 Laboratoire de Sciences de la Terre, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, 46, Allee d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France. 19 Engineering Science Contract/Barrios Technology, ARES/JSC, Houston, TX 77258–8447, USA. 20 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire d'Etude de la Matiere Extraterrestre, USM 0205 (LEME), Case Postale 52, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France. 21 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2040, Albuquerque, NM 87131–0001, USA. 22 Savannah River Ecology Lab, Aiken, SC 29801, USA. 23 Science Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, M/S 183-335, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. 24 Institute of Materials Structure Science, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, Japan. 25 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan. 26 Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. 27 Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 28 Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 2R2100, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. 29 Laboratoire de Structure et Propriétés de l'Etat Solide, Bâtiment C6, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. 30 Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. 31 Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Burgweg 11, D-07749 Jena, Germany. 32 Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. 33 Impact and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK. 34 Department of Geology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. 35 Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Koto 3-2-1, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan. 36 Enrico Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. 37 U.S. Geological Survey, 954 National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA. 38 Impact and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. 39 Department of Physics, State University of New York, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA. 40 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA. 41 Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, CO 80201, USA. 42 Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK. 43 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: michael.e.zolensky{at}nasa.gov
Michael F. A'Hearn (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1708.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1137083] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
PERSPECTIVE
Don S. Burnett (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1709.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1137084] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Don Brownlee, Peter Tsou, Jérôme Aléon, Conel M. O'D. Alexander, Tohru Araki, Sasa Bajt, Giuseppe A. Baratta, Ron Bastien, Phil Bland, Pierre Bleuet, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, Adrian Brearley, F. Brenker, Sean Brennan, John C. Bridges, Nigel D. Browning, John R. Brucato, E. Bullock, Mark J. Burchell, Henner Busemann, Anna Butterworth, Marc Chaussidon, Allan Cheuvront, Miaofang Chi, Mark J. Cintala, B. C. Clark, Simon J. Clemett, George Cody, Luigi Colangeli, George Cooper, Patrick Cordier, C. Daghlian, Zurong Dai, Louis D'Hendecourt, Zahia Djouadi, Gerardo Dominguez, Tom Duxbury, Jason P. Dworkin, Denton S. Ebel, Thanasis E. Economou, Sirine Fakra, Sam A. J. Fairey, Stewart Fallon, Gianluca Ferrini, T. Ferroir, Holger Fleckenstein, Christine Floss, George Flynn, Ian A. Franchi, Marc Fries, Z. Gainsforth, J.-P. Gallien, Matt Genge, Mary K. Gilles, Philipe Gillet, Jamie Gilmour, Daniel P. Glavin, Matthieu Gounelle, Monica M. Grady, Giles A. Graham, P. G. Grant, Simon F. Green, Faustine Grossemy, Lawrence Grossman, Jeffrey N. Grossman, Yunbin Guan, Kenji Hagiya, Ralph Harvey, Philipp Heck, Gregory F. Herzog, Peter Hoppe, Friedrich Hörz, Joachim Huth, Ian D. Hutcheon, Konstantin Ignatyev, Hope Ishii, Motoo Ito, Damien Jacob, Chris Jacobsen, Stein Jacobsen, Steven Jones, David Joswiak, Amy Jurewicz, Anton T. Kearsley, Lindsay P. Keller, H. Khodja, A.L. David Kilcoyne, Jochen Kissel, Alexander Krot, Falko Langenhorst, Antonio Lanzirotti, Loan Le, Laurie A. Leshin, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, Hugues Leroux, Ming-Chang Liu, K. Luening, Ian Lyon, Glen MacPherson, Matthew A. Marcus, Kuljeet Marhas, Bernard Marty, Graciela Matrajt, Kevin McKeegan, Anders Meibom, Vito Mennella, Keiko Messenger, Scott Messenger, Takashi Mikouchi, Smail Mostefaoui, Tomoki Nakamura, T. Nakano, M. Newville, Larry R. Nittler, Ichiro Ohnishi, Kazumasa Ohsumi, Kyoko Okudaira, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, Russ Palma, Maria E. Palumbo, Robert O. Pepin, David Perkins, Murielle Perronnet, P. Pianetta, William Rao, Frans J. M. Rietmeijer, François Robert, D. Rost, Alessandra Rotundi, Robert Ryan, Scott A. Sandford, Craig S. Schwandt, Thomas H. See, Dennis Schlutter, J. Sheffield-Parker, Alexandre Simionovici, Steven Simon, I. Sitnitsky, Christopher J. Snead, Maegan K. Spencer, Frank J. Stadermann, Andrew Steele, Thomas Stephan, Rhonda Stroud, Jean Susini, S. R. Sutton, Y. Suzuki, Mitra Taheri, Susan Taylor, Nick Teslich, Kazu Tomeoka, Naotaka Tomioka, Alice Toppani, Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez, David Troadec, Akira Tsuchiyama, Anthony J. Tuzzolino, Tolek Tyliszczak, K. Uesugi, Michael Velbel, Joe Vellenga, E. Vicenzi, L. Vincze, Jack Warren, Iris Weber, Mike Weisberg, Andrew J. Westphal, Sue Wirick, Diane Wooden, Brigitte Wopenka, Penelope Wozniakiewicz, Ian Wright, Hikaru Yabuta, Hajime Yano, Edward D. Young, Richard N. Zare, Thomas Zega, Karen Ziegler, Laurent Zimmerman, Ernst Zinner, and Michael Zolensky (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1711.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135840] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
REPORTS
Friedrich Hörz, Ron Bastien, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, John C. Bridges, Donald E. Brownlee, Mark J. Burchell, Miaofang Chi, Mark J. Cintala, Zu Rong Dai, Zahia Djouadi, Gerardo Dominguez, Thanasis E. Economou, Sam A. J. Fairey, Christine Floss, Ian A. Franchi, Giles A. Graham, Simon F. Green, Philipp Heck, Peter Hoppe, Joachim Huth, Hope Ishii, Anton T. Kearsley, Jochen Kissel, Jan Leitner, Hugues Leroux, Kuljeet Marhas, Keiko Messenger, Craig S. Schwandt, Thomas H. See, Christopher Snead, Frank J. Stadermann, I, Thomas Stephan, Rhonda Stroud, Nick Teslich, Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez, A. J. Tuzzolino, David Troadec, Peter Tsou, Jack Warren, Andrew Westphal, Penelope Wozniakiewicz, Ian Wright, and Ernst Zinner (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1716.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135705] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Scott A. Sandford, Jérôme Aléon, Conel M. O'D. Alexander, Tohru Araki, Sasa Bajt, Giuseppe A. Baratta, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, Donald E. Brownlee, John R. Brucato, Mark J. Burchell, Henner Busemann, Anna Butterworth, Simon J. Clemett, George Cody, Luigi Colangeli, George Cooper, Louis D'Hendecourt, Zahia Djouadi, Jason P. Dworkin, Gianluca Ferrini, Holger Fleckenstein, George J. Flynn, Ian A. Franchi, Marc Fries, Mary K. Gilles, Daniel P. Glavin, Matthieu Gounelle, Faustine Grossemy, Chris Jacobsen, Lindsay P. Keller, A. L. David Kilcoyne, Jan Leitner, Graciela Matrajt, Anders Meibom, Vito Mennella, Smail Mostefaoui, Larry R. Nittler, Maria E. Palumbo, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, François Robert, Alessandra Rotundi, Christopher J. Snead, Maegan K. Spencer, Frank J. Stadermann, Andrew Steele, Thomas Stephan, Peter Tsou, Tolek Tyliszczak, Andrew J. Westphal, Sue Wirick, Brigitte Wopenka, Hikaru Yabuta, Richard N. Zare, and Michael E. Zolensky (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1720.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135841] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Kevin D. McKeegan, Jerome Aléon, John Bradley, Donald Brownlee, Henner Busemann, Anna Butterworth, Marc Chaussidon, Stewart Fallon, Christine Floss, Jamie Gilmour, Matthieu Gounelle, Giles Graham, Yunbin Guan, Philipp R. Heck, Peter Hoppe, Ian D. Hutcheon, Joachim Huth, Hope Ishii, Motoo Ito, Stein B. Jacobsen, Anton Kearsley, Laurie A. Leshin, Ming-Chang Liu, Ian Lyon, Kuljeet Marhas, Bernard Marty, Graciela Matrajt, Anders Meibom, Scott Messenger, Smail Mostefaoui, Sujoy Mukhopadhyay, Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, Larry Nittler, Russ Palma, Robert O. Pepin, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, François Robert, Dennis Schlutter, Christopher J. Snead, Frank J. Stadermann, Rhonda Stroud, Peter Tsou, Andrew Westphal, Edward D. Young, Karen Ziegler, Laurent Zimmermann, and Ernst Zinner (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1724.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135992] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Lindsay P. Keller, Sasa Bajt, Giuseppe A. Baratta, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, Don E. Brownlee, Henner Busemann, John R. Brucato, Mark Burchell, Luigi Colangeli, Louis d'Hendecourt, Zahia Djouadi, Gianluca Ferrini, George Flynn, Ian A. Franchi, Marc Fries, Monica M. Grady, Giles A. Graham, Faustine Grossemy, Anton Kearsley, Graciela Matrajt, Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, Vito Mennella, Larry Nittler, Maria E. Palumbo, Frank J. Stadermann, Peter Tsou, Alessandra Rotundi, Scott A. Sandford, Christopher Snead, Andrew Steele, Diane Wooden, and Mike Zolensky (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1728.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135796] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
George J. Flynn, Pierre Bleuet, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, Frank E. Brenker, Sean Brennan, John Bridges, Don E. Brownlee, Emma S. Bullock, Manfred Burghammer, Benton C. Clark, Zu Rong Dai, Charles P. Daghlian, Zahia Djouadi, Sirine Fakra, Tristan Ferroir, Christine Floss, Ian A. Franchi, Zack Gainsforth, Jean-Paul Gallien, Philippe Gillet, Patrick G. Grant, Giles A. Graham, Simon F. Green, Faustine Grossemy, Philipp R. Heck, Gregory F. Herzog, Peter Hoppe, Friedrich Hörz, Joachim Huth, Konstantin Ignatyev, Hope A. Ishii, Koen Janssens, David Joswiak, Anton T. Kearsley, Hicham Khodja, Antonio Lanzirotti, Jan Leitner, Laurence Lemelle, Hugues Leroux, Katharina Luening, Glenn J. MacPherson, Kuljeet K. Marhas, Matthew A. Marcus, Graciela Matrajt, Tomoki Nakamura, Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, Tsukasa Nakano, Matthew Newville, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, Piero Pianetta, William Rao, Christian Riekel, Frans J. M. Rietmeijer, Detlef Rost, Craig S. Schwandt, Thomas H. See, Julie Sheffield-Parker, Alexandre Simionovici, Ilona Sitnitsky, Christopher J. Snead, Frank J. Stadermann, Thomas Stephan, Rhonda M. Stroud, Jean Susini, Yoshio Suzuki, Stephen R. Sutton, Susan Taylor, Nick Teslich, D. Troadec, Peter Tsou, Akira Tsuchiyama, Kentaro Uesugi, Bart Vekemans, Edward P. Vicenzi, Laszlo Vincze, Andrew J. Westphal, Penelope Wozniakiewicz, Ernst Zinner, and Michael E. Zolensky (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1731.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1136141] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
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