Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Science Careers Booklet

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 1 August 2003:
Vol. 301. no. 5633, pp. 616 - 620
DOI: 10.1126/science.1087619
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Research Articles

Structure and Mechanism of the Glycerol-3-Phosphate Transporter from Escherichia coli

Yafei Huang,* M. Joanne Lemieux,*{dagger} Jinmei Song, Manfred Auer, Da-Neng Wang{ddagger}

The major facilitator superfamily represents the largest group of secondary membrane transporters in the cell. Here we report the 3.3 angstrom resolution structure of a member of this superfamily, GlpT, which transports glycerol-3-phosphate into the cytoplasm and inorganic phosphate into the periplasm. The amino- and carboxyl-terminal halves of the protein exhibit a pseudo two-fold symmetry. Closed off to the periplasm, a centrally located substrate-translocation pore contains two arginines at its closed end, which comprise the substrate-binding site. Upon substrate binding, the protein adopts a more compact conformation. We propose that GlpT operates by a single–binding site, alternating-access mechanism through a rocker-switch type of movement.

Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.


* These authors contributed equally to this work.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2H6.

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: wang{at}saturn.med.nyu.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
FTIR Spectroscopy of Secondary-Structure Reorientation of Melibiose Permease Modulated by Substrate Binding.
N. Dave, V. A. Lorenz-Fonfria, G. Leblanc, and E. Padros (2008)
Biophys. J. 94, 3659-3670
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transmembrane Segment 6 of the Glut1 Glucose Transporter Is an Outer Helix and Contains Amino Acid Side Chains Essential for Transport Activity.
M. Mueckler and C. Makepeace (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 11550-11555
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of Tryptophan Residues in the Staphylococcal Multidrug Transporter QacA Reveals Long-Distance Functional Associations of Residues on Opposite Sides of the Membrane.
K. A. Hassan, T. Souhani, R. A. Skurray, and M. H. Brown (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 2441-2449
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression and function of the rat vesicular monoamine transporter 2.
Y. Adam, R. H. Edwards, and S. Schuldiner (2008)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 294, C1004-C1011
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Opening and closing of the periplasmic gate in lactose permease.
Y. Zhou, L. Guan, J. A. Freites, and H. R. Kaback (2008)
PNAS 105, 3774-3778
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Conserved Glutamate Residues Are Critically Involved in Na+/Nucleoside Cotransport by Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (hCNT1).
S. Y. M. Yao, A. M. L. Ng, M. D. Slugoski, K. M. Smith, R. Mulinta, E. Karpinski, C. E. Cass, S. A. Baldwin, and J. D. Young (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 30607-30617
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sugar binding induces an outward facing conformation of LacY.
I. Smirnova, V. Kasho, J.-Y. Choe, C. Altenbach, W. L. Hubbell, and H. R. Kaback (2007)
PNAS 104, 16504-16509
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural determination of wild-type lactose permease.
L. Guan, O. Mirza, G. Verner, S. Iwata, and H. R. Kaback (2007)
PNAS 104, 15294-15298
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Monomers of the NhaA Na+/H+ Antiporter of Escherichia coli Are Fully Functional yet Dimers Are Beneficial under Extreme Stress Conditions at Alkaline pH in the Presence of Na+ or Li+.
A. Rimon, T. Tzubery, and E. Padan (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 26810-26821
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Docking and homology modeling explain inhibition of the human vesicular glutamate transporters.
J. Almqvist, Y. Huang, A. Laaksonen, D.-N. Wang, and S. Hovmoller (2007)
Protein Sci. 16, 1819-1829
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Facilitated Hexose Transporters: New Perspectives on Form and Function.
A. R. Manolescu, K. Witkowska, A. Kinnaird, T. Cessford, and C. Cheeseman (2007)
Physiology 22, 234-240
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single-molecule Chemistry and Biology Special Feature: Single-molecule FRET reveals sugar-induced conformational dynamics in LacY.
D. S. Majumdar, I. Smirnova, V. Kasho, E. Nir, X. Kong, S. Weiss, and H. R. Kaback (2007)
PNAS 104, 12640-12645
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural Basis of GLUT1 Inhibition by Cytoplasmic ATP.
D. M. Blodgett, J. K. De Zutter, K. B. Levine, P. Karim, and A. Carruthers (2007)
J. Gen. Physiol. 130, 157-168
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Saturation and Microsecond Gating of Current Indicate Depletion-induced Instability of the MaxiK Selectivity Filter.
I. Schroeder and U.-P. Hansen (2007)
J. Gen. Physiol. 130, 83-97
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The major facilitator superfamily member Slc37a2 is a novel macrophage- specific gene selectively expressed in obese white adipose tissue.
J. Y. Kim, K. Tillison, S. Zhou, Y. Wu, and C. M. Smas (2007)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293, E110-E120
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The yeast mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier functions as a monomer in mitochondrial membranes.
L. Bamber, M. Harding, M. Monne, D.-J. Slotboom, and E. R. S. Kunji (2007)
PNAS 104, 10830-10834
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A genomic strategy for cloning, expressing and purifying efflux proteins of the major facilitator superfamily.
G. Szakonyi, D. Leng, P. Ma, K. E. Bettaney, M. Saidijam, A. Ward, S. Zibaei, A. T. Gardiner, R. J. Cogdell, P. Butaye, et al. (2007)
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 59, 1265-1270
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification by Comprehensive Chimeric Analysis of a Key Residue Responsible for High Affinity Glucose Transport by Yeast HXT2.
T. Kasahara, M. Maeda, M. Ishiguro, and M. Kasahara (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 13146-13150
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inorganic mercury interacts with cysteine residues (C451 and C474) of hOCT2 to reduce its transport activity.
R. M. Pelis, Y. Dangprapai, T. M. Wunz, and S. H. Wright (2007)
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 292, F1583-F1591
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Computational Design of Peptides That Target Transmembrane Helices.
H. Yin, J. S. Slusky, B. W. Berger, R. S. Walters, G. Vilaire, R. I. Litvinov, J. D. Lear, G. A. Caputo, J. S. Bennett, and W. F. DeGrado (2007)
Science 315, 1817-1822
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Emulating Membrane Protein Evolution by Rational Design.
M. Rapp, S. Seppala, E. Granseth, and G. von Heijne (2007)
Science 315, 1282-1284
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome-wide investigation of aromatic acid transporters in Corynebacterium glutamicum.
M. T. Chaudhry, Y. Huang, X.-H. Shen, A. Poetsch, C.-Y. Jiang, and S.-J. Liu (2007)
Microbiology 153, 857-865
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Putative Transmembrane Segment 7 of Human Organic Anion Transporter hOAT1 Dictates Transporter Substrate Binding and Stability.
M. Hong, F. Zhou, K. Lee, and G. You (2007)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 320, 1209-1215
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Water transport by GLUT2 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
T. Zeuthen, E. Zeuthen, and N. MacAulay (2007)
J. Physiol. 579, 345-361
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Membrane chaperone Shr3 assists in folding amino acid permeases preventing precocious ERAD.
J. Kota, C. F. Gilstring, and P. O. Ljungdahl (2007)
J. Cell Biol. 176, 617-628
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transmembrane transporters: An open and closed case.
R. M. Stroud (2007)
PNAS 104, 1445-1446
   Full Text »    PDF »
The crystal structure of the rhomboid peptidase from Haemophilus influenzae provides insight into intramembrane proteolysis.
M. J. Lemieux, S. J. Fischer, M. M. Cherney, K. S. Bateman, and M. N. G. James (2007)
PNAS 104, 750-754
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Site-directed alkylation and the alternating access model for LacY.
H. R. Kaback, R. Dunten, S. Frillingos, P. Venkatesan, I. Kwaw, W. Zhang, and N. Ermolova (2007)
PNAS 104, 491-494
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Contains Two Independent Transport Machineries.
N. Juge, Y. Yoshida, S. Yatsushiro, H. Omote, and Y. Moriyama (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 39499-39506
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Three-dimensional Model of Human Organic Anion Transporter 1: AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS REQUIRED FOR SUBSTRATE TRANSPORT.
J. L. Perry, N. Dembla-Rajpal, L. A. Hall, and J. B. Pritchard (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 38071-38079
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Amt/MEP/Rh Family: Structure of AmtB and the Mechanism of Ammonia Gas Conduction..
S. Khademi and R. M. Stroud (2006)
Physiology 21, 419-429
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transmembrane Segment 12 of the Glut1 Glucose Transporter Is an Outer Helix and Is Not Directly Involved in the Transport Mechanism.
M. Mueckler and C. Makepeace (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 36993-36998
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
On Parallel and Antiparallel Topology of a Homodimeric Multidrug Transporter.
M. Soskine, S. Mark, N. Tayer, R. Mizrachi, and S. Schuldiner (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 36205-36212
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Cytoplasmic Substrate Permeation Pathway of Serotonin Transporter.
Y.-W. Zhang and G. Rudnick (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 36213-36220
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cysteine Accessibility in the Hydrophilic Cleft of Human Organic Cation Transporter 2.
R. M. Pelis, X. Zhang, Y. Dangprapai, and S. H. Wright (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 35272-35280
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transmembrane Domains 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10 of the Human Reduced Folate Carrier Are Important Structural or Functional Components of the Transmembrane Channel for Folate Substrates.
Z. Hou, J. Ye, C. L. Haska, and L. H. Matherly (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 33588-33596
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease-linked mutations inhibit thiamine transport via hTHTR2: biotin is not a substrate for hTHTR2.
V. S. Subramanian, J. S. Marchant, and H. M. Said (2006)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291, C851-C859
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Yeast mitochondrial ADP/ATP carriers are monomeric in detergents.
L. Bamber, M. Harding, P. J. G. Butler, and E. R. S. Kunji (2006)
PNAS 103, 16224-16229
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional Role of the C Terminus of Human Organic Anion Transporter hOAT1.
W. Xu, K. Tanaka, A.-q. Sun, and G. You (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 31178-31183
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Inner Interhelix Loop 4-5 of the Melibiose Permease from Escherichia coli Takes Part in Conformational Changes after Sugar Binding.
K. Meyer-Lipp, N. Sery, C. Ganea, C. Basquin, K. Fendler, and G. Leblanc (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 25882-25892
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural Asymmetry of AcrB Trimer Suggests a Peristaltic Pump Mechanism..
M. A. Seeger, A. Schiefner, T. Eicher, F. Verrey, K. Diederichs, and K. M. Pos (2006)
Science 313, 1295-1298
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Eight Amino Acid Residues in Transmembrane Segments of Yeast Glucose Transporter Hxt2 Are Required for High Affinity Transport.
T. Kasahara, M. Ishiguro, and M. Kasahara (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 18532-18538
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Conserved Glutamate (Glu136) in Transmembrane Domain 2 of the Serotonin Transporter Is Required for the Conformational Switch in the Transport Cycle.
V. M. Korkhov, M. Holy, M. Freissmuth, and H. H. Sitte (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 13439-13448
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Competitive intra- and extracellular nutrient sensing by the transporter homologue Ssy1p.
B. Wu, K. Ottow, P. Poulsen, R. F. Gaber, E. Albers, and M. C. Kielland-Brandt (2006)
J. Cell Biol. 173, 327-331
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structure of the Multidrug Transporter EmrD from Escherichia coli.
Y. Yin, X. He, P. Szewczyk, T. Nguyen, and G. Chang (2006)
Science 312, 741-744
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional influence of N-glycosylation in OCT2-mediated tetraethylammonium transport.
R. M. Pelis, W. M. Suhre, and S. H. Wright (2006)
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290, F1118-F1126
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Projection structure of the human copper transporter CTR1 at 6-A resolution reveals a compact trimer with a novel channel-like architecture.
S. G. Aller and V. M. Unger (2006)
PNAS 103, 3627-3632
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Oligomeric Structure of the Carnitine Transporter CaiT from Escherichia coli.
K. R. Vinothkumar, S. Raunser, H. Jung, and W. Kuhlbrandt (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 4795-4801
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Targeting and Trafficking of the Human Thiamine Transporter-2 in Epithelial Cells.
V. S. Subramanian, J. S. Marchant, and H. M. Said (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 5233-5245
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Manipulating phospholipids for crystallization of a membrane transport protein.
L. Guan, I. N. Smirnova, G. Verner, S. Nagamori, and H. R. Kaback (2006)
PNAS 103, 1723-1726
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Transmembrane Segment 10 in Efflux Mediated by the Staphylococcal Multidrug Transport Protein QacA.
Z. Xu, B. A. O'Rourke, R. A. Skurray, and M. H. Brown (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 792-799
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
TCDB: the Transporter Classification Database for membrane transport protein analyses and information.
M. H. Saier Jr, C. V. Tran, and R. D. Barabote (2006)
Nucleic Acids Res. 34, D181-D186
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of a Hydrophobic Residue as a Key Determinant of Fructose Transport by the Facilitative Hexose Transporter SLC2A7 (GLUT7).
A. Manolescu, A. M. Salas-Burgos, J. Fischbarg, and C. I. Cheeseman (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 42978-42983
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Detection of Oligomerization and Conformational Changes in the Na+/H+ Antiporter from Helicobacter pylori by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer.
A. Karasawa, Y. Tsuboi, H. Inoue, R. Kinoshita, N. Nakamura, and H. Kanazawa (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 41900-41911
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Osmotic Activation of Transporter ProP Is Tuned by Both Its C-terminal Coiled-coil and Osmotically Induced Changes in Phospholipid Composition.
Y. Tsatskis, J. Khambati, M. Dobson, M. Bogdanov, W. Dowhan, and J. M. Wood (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 41387-41394
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The 2-Hydroxycarboxylate Transporter Family: Physiology, Structure, and Mechanism.
I. Sobczak and J. S. Lolkema (2005)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69, 665-695
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cysteine-scanning Mutagenesis and Substituted Cysteine Accessibility Analysis of Transmembrane Segment 4 of the Glut1 Glucose Transporter.
M. Mueckler and C. Makepeace (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 39562-39568
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Higher Plant Plastids and Cyanobacteria Have Folate Carriers Related to Those of Trypanosomatids.
S. M. J. Klaus, E. R. S. Kunji, G. G. Bozzo, A. Noiriel, R. D. de la Garza, G. J. C. Basset, S. Ravanel, F. Rebeille, J. F. Gregory III, and A. D. Hanson (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 38457-38463
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of Bacterial Drug Antiporters Homologous to Mammalian Neurotransmitter Transporters.
E. Vardy, S. Steiner-Mordoch, and S. Schuldiner (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 7518-7525
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Localization of a Substrate Binding Domain of the Human Reduced Folate Carrier to Transmembrane Domain 11 by Radioaffinity Labeling and Cysteine-substituted Accessibility Methods.
Z. Hou, S. E. Stapels, C. L. Haska, and L. H. Matherly (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 36206-36213
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Conserved Glutamate Residue in Transmembrane Helix 10 Influences Substrate Specificity of Rabbit OCT2 (SLC22A2).
X. Zhang, N. V. Shirahatti, D. Mahadevan, and S. H. Wright (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 34813-34822
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional Characterization of a Na+-Coupled Dicarboxylate Carrier Protein from Staphylococcus aureus.
J. A. Hall and A. M. Pajor (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 5189-5194
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Novel Immobilization Method for Single Protein spFRET Studies.
P. Pal, J. F. Lesoine, M. A. Lieb, L. Novotny, and P. A. Knauf (2005)
Biophys. J. 89, L11-L13
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Basigin (CD147) Is the Target for Organomercurial Inhibition of Monocarboxylate Transporter Isoforms 1 and 4: THE ANCILLARY PROTEIN FOR THE INSENSITIVE MCT2 IS EMBIGIN (gp70).
M. C. Wilson, D. Meredith, J. E. M. Fox, C. Manoharan, A. J. Davies, and A. P. Halestrap (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 27213-27221
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural and Functional Study of the Phenicol-Specific Efflux Pump FloR Belonging to the Major Facilitator Superfamily.
M. Braibant, J. Chevalier, E. Chaslus-Dancla, J.-M. Pages, and A. Cloeckaert (2005)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49, 2965-2971
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Substitutions in the interdomain loop of the Tn10 TetA efflux transporter alter tetracycline resistance and substrate specificity.
F. M. Sapunaric and S. B. Levy (2005)
Microbiology 151, 2315-2322
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Experimental tests of a homology model for OxlT, the oxalate transporter of Oxalobacter formigenes.
Q. Yang, X. Wang, L. Ye, M. Mentrikoski, E. Mohammadi, Y.-M. Kim, and P. C. Maloney (2005)
PNAS 102, 8513-8518
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Amino Acids Critical for Substrate Affinity of Rat Organic Cation Transporter 1 Line the Substrate Binding Region in a Model Derived from the Tertiary Structure of Lactose Permease.
C. Popp, V. Gorboulev, T. D. Muller, D. Gorbunov, N. Shatskaya, and H. Koepsell (2005)
Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 1600-1611
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Member of the Sugar Transporter Family, Stl1p Is the Glycerol/H+ Symporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
C. Ferreira, F. van Voorst, A. Martins, L. Neves, R. Oliveira, M. C. Kielland-Brandt, C. Lucas, and A. Brandt (2005)
Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 2068-2076
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of Essential Amino Acid Residues of the NorM Na+/Multidrug Antiporter in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
M. Otsuka, M. Yasuda, Y. Morita, C. Otsuka, T. Tsuchiya, H. Omote, and Y. Moriyama (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 1552-1558
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modeling membrane proteins based on low-resolution electron microscopy maps: a template for the TM domains of the oxalate transporter OxlT.
T. Beuming and H. Weinstein (2005)
Protein Eng. Des. Sel. 18, 119-125
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Packing and Packing Defects in Helical Membrane Proteins.
P. W. Hildebrand, K. Rother, A. Goede, R. Preissner, and C. Frommel (2005)
Biophys. J. 88, 1970-1977
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Missense Mutations That Inactivate the Aspergillus nidulans nrtA Gene Encoding a High-Affinity Nitrate Transporter.
J. R. Kinghorn, J. Sloan, G. J. M. Kana'n, E. R. DaSilva, D. A. Rouch, and S. E. Unkles (2005)
Genetics 169, 1369-1377
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Small-Scale Molecular Motions Accomplish Glutamate Uptake in Human Glutamate Transporters.
H. P. Koch and H. P. Larsson (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 1730-1736
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Altered Oxyanion Selectivity in Mutants of UhpT, the Pi -linked Sugar Phosphate Carrier of Escherichia coli.
J. A. Hall and P. C. Maloney (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 3376-3381
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Promiscuity in the Geometry of Electrostatic Interactions between the Escherichia coli Multidrug Resistance Transporter MdfA and Cationic Substrates.
J. Adler and E. Bibi (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 2721-2729
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Specialized membrane-localized chaperones prevent aggregation of polytopic proteins in the ER.
J. Kota and P. O. Ljungdahl (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 168, 79-88
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Amphetamines Take Two to Tango: an Oligomer-Based Counter-Transport Model of Neurotransmitter Transport Explores the Amphetamine Action.
S. Seidel, E. A. Singer, H. Just, H. Farhan, P. Scholze, O. Kudlacek, M. Holy, K. Koppatz, P. Krivanek, M. Freissmuth, et al. (2005)
Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 140-151
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Two perfectly conserved arginine residues are required for substrate binding in a high-affinity nitrate transporter.
S. E. Unkles, D. A. Rouch, Y. Wang, M. Y. Siddiqi, A. D. M. Glass, and J. R. Kinghorn (2004)
PNAS 101, 17549-17554
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The mechanism of ammonia transport based on the crystal structure of AmtB of Escherichia coli.
L. Zheng, D. Kostrewa, S. Berneche, F. K. Winkler, and X.-D. Li (2004)
PNAS 101, 17090-17095
   Abstract »    Full Text »