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Originally published in Science Express on 1 May 2003
Science 30 May 2003:
Vol. 300. no. 5624, pp. 1394 - 1399
DOI: 10.1126/science.1085952
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Research Articles

Characterization of a Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Paul A. Rota,1* M. Steven Oberste,1 Stephan S. Monroe,1 W. Allan Nix,1 Ray Campagnoli,1 Joseph P. Icenogle,1 Silvia Peñaranda,1 Bettina Bankamp,1 Kaija Maher,1 Min-hsin Chen,1 Suxiong Tong,1 Azaibi Tamin,1 Luis Lowe,1 Michael Frace,1 Joseph L. DeRisi,2 Qi Chen,1 David Wang,2 Dean D. Erdman,1 Teresa C. T. Peret,1 Cara Burns,1 Thomas G. Ksiazek,1 Pierre E. Rollin,1 Anthony Sanchez,1 Stephanie Liffick,1 Brian Holloway,1 Josef Limor,1 Karen McCaustland,1 Melissa Olsen-Rasmussen,1 Ron Fouchier,3 Stephan Günther,4 Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus,3 Christian Drosten,4 Mark A. Pallansch,1 Larry J. Anderson,1 William J. Bellini1

In March 2003, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was discovered in association with cases of severe acute respiratorysyndrome (SARS). The sequence of the complete genome of SARS-CoV was determined, and the initial characterization of the viral genome is presented in this report. The genome of SARS-CoV is 29,727 nucleotides in length and has 11 open reading frames, and its genome organization is similar to that of other coronaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons showed that SARS-CoV is not closelyrelated to anyof the previouslycharacterized coronaviruses.

1 National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
2 Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
3 Department of Virology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, Netherlands.
4 Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: prota{at}cdc.gov

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J. Virol. 80, 8920-8928
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Accumulation of Recombinant SARS-CoV Spike Protein in Plant Cytosol and Chloroplasts Indicate Potential for Development of Plant-Derived Oral Vaccines.
H.-Y. Li, S. Ramalingam, and M.-L. Chye (2006)
Experimental Biology and Medicine 231, 1346-1352
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Rewiring the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) transcription circuit: Engineering a recombination-resistant genome.
B. Yount, R. S. Roberts, L. Lindesmith, and R. S. Baric (2006)
PNAS 103, 12546-12551
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Crystal structure and mechanistic determinants of SARS coronavirus nonstructural protein 15 define an endoribonuclease family.
S. Ricagno, M.-P. Egloff, R. Ulferts, B. Coutard, D. Nurizzo, V. Campanacci, C. Cambillau, J. Ziebuhr, and B. Canard (2006)
PNAS 103, 11892-11897
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 7a accessory protein is a viral structural protein..
C. Huang, N. Ito, C.-T. K. Tseng, and S. Makino (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 7287-7294
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Crystal structure of nonstructural protein 10 from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus reveals a novel fold with two zinc-binding motifs..
J. S. Joseph, K. S. Saikatendu, V. Subramanian, B. W. Neuman, A. Brooun, M. Griffith, K. Moy, M. K. Yadav, J. Velasquez, M. J. Buchmeier, et al. (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 7894-7901
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Conformational States of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Ectodomain.
F. Li, M. Berardi, W. Li, M. Farzan, P. R. Dormitzer, and S. C. Harrison (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 6794-6800
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Comparative Analysis of 22 Coronavirus HKU1 Genomes Reveals a Novel Genotype and Evidence of Natural Recombination in Coronavirus HKU1.
P. C. Y. Woo, S. K. P. Lau, C. C. Y. Yip, Y. Huang, H.-W. Tsoi, K.-H. Chan, and K.-Y. Yuen (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 7136-7145
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Bats: Important Reservoir Hosts of Emerging Viruses.
C. H. Calisher, J. E. Childs, H. E. Field, K. V. Holmes, and T. Schountz (2006)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19, 531-545
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Identification of pulmonary Oct-4+ stem/progenitor cells and demonstration of their susceptibility to SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection in vitro.
T.-Y. Ling, M.-D. Kuo, C.-L. Li, A. L. Yu, Y.-H. Huang, T.-J. Wu, Y.-C. Lin, S.-H. Chen, and J. Yu (2006)
PNAS 103, 9530-9535
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Coronavirus HKU1 and Other Coronavirus Infections in Hong Kong..
S. K. P. Lau, P. C. Y. Woo, C. C. Y. Yip, H. Tse, H.-w. Tsoi, V. C. C. Cheng, P. Lee, B. S. F. Tang, C. H. Y. Cheung, R. A. Lee, et al. (2006)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 2063-2071
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Antigenic and Immunogenic Characterization of Recombinant Baculovirus-Expressed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein: Implication for Vaccine Design..
Y. He, J. Li, S. Heck, S. Lustigman, and S. Jiang (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 5757-5767
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Ultrastructure and Origin of Membrane Vesicles Associated with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication Complex..
E. J. Snijder, Y. van der Meer, J. Zevenhoven-Dobbe, J. J. M. Onderwater, J. van der Meulen, H. K. Koerten, and A. M. Mommaas (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 5927-5940
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Cross-Neutralization of Human and Palm Civet Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses by Antibodies Targeting the Receptor-Binding Domain of Spike Protein.
Y. He, J. Li, W. Li, S. Lustigman, M. Farzan, and S. Jiang (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 6085-6092
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Specific epitopes of the structural and hypothetical proteins elicit variable humoral responses in SARS patients.
S C S Chow, C Y S Ho, T T Y Tam, C Wu, T Cheung, P K S Chan, M H L Ng, P K Hui, H K Ng, D M Y Au, et al. (2006)
J. Clin. Pathol. 59, 468-476
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Solution Structure of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Heptad Repeat 2 Domain in the Prefusion State.
S. Hakansson-McReynolds, S. Jiang, L. Rong, and M. Caffrey (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 11965-11971
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease: Structure of a viral deubiquitinating enzyme.
K. Ratia, K. S. Saikatendu, B. D. Santarsiero, N. Barretto, S. C. Baker, R. C. Stevens, and A. D. Mesecar (2006)
PNAS 103, 5717-5722
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Functional characterization of heptad repeat 1 and 2 mutants of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus..
W.-E. Chan, C.-K. Chuang, S.-H. Yeh, M.-S. Chang, and S. S.-L. Chen (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 3225-3237
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Mucosal Immunization with Surface-Displayed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein on Lactobacillus casei Induces Neutralizing Antibodies in Mice..
J.-S. Lee, H. Poo, D. P. Han, S.-P. Hong, K. Kim, M. W. Cho, E. Kim, M.-H. Sung, and C.-J. Kim (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 4079-4087
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From the Cover: Venezuelan encephalitis emergence mediated by a phylogenetically predicted viral mutation.
M. Anishchenko, R. A. Bowen, S. Paessler, L. Austgen, I. P. Greene, and S. C. Weaver (2006)
PNAS 103, 4994-4999
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Comparative evaluation of two severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) vaccine candidates in mice challenged with SARS coronavirus..
R. H. See, A. N. Zakhartchouk, M. Petric, D. J. Lawrence, C. P. Y. Mok, R. J. Hogan, T. Rowe, L. A. Zitzow, K. P. Karunakaran, M. M. Hitt, et al. (2006)
J. Gen. Virol. 87, 641-650
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