Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 7 February 2003:
Vol. 299. no. 5608, pp. 853 - 855
DOI: 10.1126/science.1079857
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Viewpoint

Obesity and the Environment: Where Do We Go from Here?

James O. Hill,1* Holly R. Wyatt,1 George W. Reed,2 John C. Peters3

The obesity epidemic shows no signs of abating. There is an urgent need to push back against the environmental forces that are producing gradual weight gain in the population. Using data from national surveys, we estimate that affecting energy balance by 100 kilocalories per day (by a combination of reductions in energy intake and increases in physical activity) could prevent weight gain in most of the population. This can be achieved by small changes in behavior, such as 15 minutes per day of walking or eating a few less bites at each meal. Having a specific behavioral target for the prevention of weight gain may be key to arresting the obesity epidemic.

1 Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
2 Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
3 Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45252, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: james.hill{at}uchsc.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Purchasing Behavior and Calorie Information at Fast-Food Chains in New York City, 2007.
M. T. Bassett, T. Dumanovsky, C. Huang, L. D. Silver, C. Young, C. Nonas, T. D. Matte, S. Chideya, and T. R. Frieden (2008)
Am J Public Health 98, 1457-1459
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Seven Models of Population Obesity.
S. J. Ulijaszek (2008)
Angiology 59, 34S-38S
   Abstract »    PDF »
Population-Based Prevention of Obesity: The Need for Comprehensive Promotion of Healthful Eating, Physical Activity, and Energy Balance: A Scientific Statement From American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Interdisciplinary Committee for Prevention (Formerly the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science).
S. K. Kumanyika, E. Obarzanek, N. Stettler, R. Bell, A. E. Field, S. P. Fortmann, B. A. Franklin, M. W. Gillman, C. E. Lewis, W. C. Poston II, et al. (2008)
Circulation 118, 428-464
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Role of Hypothalamic Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling in Diet-Induced Obesity.
D. Cota, E. K. Matter, S. C. Woods, and R. J. Seeley (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 7202-7208
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Appetite-Related Gut Peptides in Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder.
A. Geliebter, C. N. Ochner, and R. Aviram-Friedman (2008)
American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 2, 305-314
   Abstract »    PDF »
Kinin B1 Receptor Deficiency Leads to Leptin Hypersensitivity and Resistance to Obesity.
M. A. Mori, R. C. Araujo, F. C.G. Reis, D. G. Sgai, R. G. Fonseca, C. C. Barros, V. F. Merino, M. Passadore, A. M. Barbosa, B. Ferrari, et al. (2008)
Diabetes 57, 1491-1500
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protection from High Fat Diet-induced Increase in Ceramide in Mice Lacking Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1.
C. Shah, G. Yang, I. Lee, J. Bielawski, Y. A. Hannun, and F. Samad (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 13538-13548
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The effect of salatrim, a low-calorie modified triacylglycerol, on appetite and energy intake.
L. B Sorensen, H. T Cueto, M. T Andersen, C. Bitz, J. J Holst, J. F Rehfeld, and A. Astrup (2008)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 87, 1163-1169
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Amount of Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviors in the United States, 2003-2004.
C. E. Matthews, K. Y. Chen, P. S. Freedson, M. S. Buchowski, B. M. Beech, R. R. Pate, and R. P. Troiano (2008)
Am. J. Epidemiol. 167, 875-881
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Obesogenic island: the financial burden of private transport on low-income households.
J. Harrington, S. Friel, C. Thunhurst, A. Kirby, and B. McElroy (2008)
J. Public Health Med. 30, 38-44
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Minority Composition Are Associated with Better Potential Spatial Access to the Ground-Truthed Food Environment in a Large Rural Area.
J. R. Sharkey and S. Horel (2008)
J. Nutr. 138, 620-627
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Role of Free-Living Daily Walking in Human Weight Gain and Obesity.
J. A. Levine, S. K. McCrady, L. M. Lanningham-Foster, P. H. Kane, R. C. Foster, and C. U. Manohar (2008)
Diabetes 57, 548-554
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of Neighborhood Exposures on Changes in Weight among Women in Cebu, Philippines (1983-2002).
M. Arantxa Colchero and D. Bishai (2008)
Am. J. Epidemiol. 167, 615-623
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Children's Healthy Weight and the School Environment.
L. C. Leviton (2008)
The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 615, 38-55
   Abstract »    PDF »
Portion size effects on daily energy intake in low-income Hispanic and African American children and their mothers.
J. O Fisher, A. Arreola, L. L Birch, and B. J Rolls (2007)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 86, 1709-1716
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An office-place stepping device to promote workplace physical activity.
D. A McAlpine, C. U Manohar, S. K McCrady, D. Hensrud, and J. A Levine (2007)
Br. J. Sports Med. 41, 903-907
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Small Changes in Dietary Sugar and Physical Activity as an Approach to Preventing Excessive Weight Gain: The America on the Move Family Study.
S. J. Rodearmel, H. R. Wyatt, N. Stroebele, S. M. Smith, L. G. Ogden, and J. O. Hill (2007)
Pediatrics 120, e869-e879
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The energy expenditure of using a "walk-and-work" desk for office workers with obesity.
J. A Levine and J. M Miller (2007)
Br. J. Sports Med. 41, 558-561
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of portion size and energy density on young children's intake at a meal.
J. O Fisher, Y. Liu, L. L Birch, and B. J Rolls (2007)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 86, 174-179
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
S-adenosyl methionine protects ob/ob mice from CYP2E1-mediated liver injury.
A. Dey, A. A. Caro, and A. I. Cederbaum (2007)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 293, G91-G103
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Short-Term Weight Change and the Incidence of Diabetes in Midlife: Results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health.
G. D. Mishra, G. Carrigan, W. J. Brown, A. G. Barnett, and A. J. Dobson (2007)
Diabetes Care 30, 1418-1424
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Built Environment and Obesity.
M. A. Papas, A. J. Alberg, R. Ewing, K. J. Helzlsouer, T. L. Gary, and A. C. Klassen (2007)
Epidemiol. Rev.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Testing a conceptual model related to weight perceptions, physical activity and smoking in adolescents.
R. C. Plotnikoff, K. Bercovitz, R. E. Rhodes, C. A. Loucaides, and N. Karunamuni (2007)
Health Educ. Res. 22, 192-202
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women: The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial.
C. D. Gardner, A. Kiazand, S. Alhassan, S. Kim, R. S. Stafford, R. R. Balise, H. C. Kraemer, and A. C. King (2007)
JAMA 297, 969-977
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Achieving Energy Balance at the Population Level Through Increases in Physical Activity.
M. C. Costanza, S. Beer-Borst, and A. Morabia (2007)
Am J Public Health 97, 520-525
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Work, Obesity, and Occupational Safety and Health.
P. A. Schulte, G. R. Wagner, A. Ostry, L. A. Blanciforti, R. G. Cutlip, K. M. Krajnak, M. Luster, A. E. Munson, J. P. O'Callaghan, C. G. Parks, et al. (2007)
Am J Public Health 97, 428-436
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Physical Activity in U.S. Adults With Diabetes and At Risk for Developing Diabetes, 2003.
E. H. Morrato, J. O. Hill, H. R. Wyatt, V. Ghushchyan, and P. W. Sullivan (2007)
Diabetes Care 30, 203-209
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cross-national comparison of environmental and policy correlates of obesity in Europe.
B. A. Rabin, T. K. Boehmer, and R. C. Brownson (2007)
Eur J Public Health 17, 53-61
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Travel by Walking Before and After School and Physical Activity Among Adolescent Girls.
B. I. Saksvig, D. J. Catellier, K. Pfeiffer, K. H. Schmitz, T. Conway, S. Going, D. Ward, P. Strikmiller, and M. S. Treuth (2007)
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161, 153-158
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Promising New Causal Explanations for Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases.
C. Power, S. K. Miller, and P. T. Alpert (2007)
Biol Res Nurs 8, 223-233
   Abstract »    PDF »
Walkable Route Perceptions and Physical Features: Converging Evidence for En Route Walking Experiences.
B. B. Brown, C. M. Werner, J. W. Amburgey, and C. Szalay (2007)
Environment and Behavior 39, 34-61
   Abstract »    PDF »
Making Sense of It: Roles of the Sensory Circumventricular Organs in Feeding and Regulation of Energy Homeostasis.
M. Fry, T. D. Hoyda, and A. V. Ferguson (2007)
Experimental Biology and Medicine 232, 14-26
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Striatal opioid peptide gene expression differentially tracks short-term satiety but does not vary with negative energy balance in a manner opposite to hypothalamic NPY.
M. J. Will, W. M. Vanderheyden, and A. E. Kelley (2007)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 292, R217-R226
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Understanding and Addressing the Epidemic of Obesity: An Energy Balance Perspective.
J. O. Hill (2006)
Endocr. Rev. 27, 750-761
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Association of Calcium Intake, Dairy Product Consumption with Overweight Status in Young Adults (1995-1996): The Bogalusa Heart Study.
B.M. Brooks, R. Rajeshwari, T. A. Nicklas, S.-J. Yang, and G. S. Berenson (2006)
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 25, 523-532
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Beginning to Begin: Reports From the Battle on Obesity.
K. Foxhall (2006)
Am J Public Health 96, 2106-2112
   Full Text »    PDF »
Estimating the Energy Gap Among US Children: A Counterfactual Approach.
Y. C. Wang, S. L. Gortmaker, A. M. Sobol, and K. M. Kuntz (2006)
Pediatrics 118, e1721-e1733
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Energy Expenditure of Sedentary Screen Time Compared With Active Screen Time for Children.
L. Lanningham-Foster, T. B. Jensen, R. C. Foster, A. B. Redmond, B. A. Walker, D. Heinz, and J. A. Levine (2006)
Pediatrics 118, e1831-e1835
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Alleviating the Burden of Cancer: A Perspective on Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions..
D. Schottenfeld and J. Beebe-Dimmer (2006)
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15, 2049-2055
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
UCP1-independent Thermogenesis in White Adipose Tissue of Cold-acclimated Ucp1-/- Mice.
J. Ukropec, R. P. Anunciado, Y. Ravussin, M. W. Hulver, and L. P. Kozak (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 31894-31908
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reply to A Bosy-Westphal and MJ Muller.
B. A Swinburn, D. Jolley, P. J Kremer, A. D Salbe, and E. Ravussin (2006)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 84, 945-946
   Full Text »    PDF »
Meal size, not body size, explains errors in estimating the calorie content of meals..
B. Wansink and P. Chandon (2006)
Ann Intern Med 145, 326-332
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Altered Adipose and Plasma Sphingolipid Metabolism in Obesity: A Potential Mechanism for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk.
F. Samad, K. D. Hester, G. Yang, Y. A. Hannun, and J. Bielawski (2006)
Diabetes 55, 2579-2587
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The 'balance intervention' for promoting caloric compensatory behaviours in response to overeating: a formative evaluation.
B. Wammes, B. Breedveld, S. Kremers, and J. Brug (2006)
Health Educ. Res. 21, 527-537
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Low-fat diet and weight change in postmenopausal women..
P. J. Greene (2006)
JAMA 296, 394
   Full Text »    PDF »
Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee.
A. H. Lichtenstein, L. J. Appel, M. Brands, M. Carnethon, S. Daniels, H. A. Franch, B. Franklin, P. Kris-Etherton, W. S. Harris, B. Howard, et al. (2006)
Circulation 114, 82-96
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Commentary by Wilbur and Zenk.
J. Wilbur and S. N. Zenk (2006)
West J Nurs Res 28, 469-471
   PDF »
Peripheral metabolic responses to prolonged weight reduction that promote rapid, efficient regain in obesity-prone rats.
P. S. MacLean, J. A. Higgins, M. R. Jackman, G. C. Johnson, B. K. Fleming-Elder, H. R. Wyatt, E. L. Melanson, and J. O. Hill (2006)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 290, R1577-R1588
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Estimating the effects of energy imbalance on changes in body weight in children..
B. A Swinburn, D. Jolley, P. J Kremer, A. D Salbe, and E. Ravussin (2006)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 83, 859-863
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Are health care professionals advising patients with diabetes or at risk for developing diabetes to exercise more?.
E. H. Morrato, J. O. Hill, H. R. Wyatt, V. Ghushchyan, and P. W. Sullivan (2006)
Diabetes Care 29, 543-548
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of obesity and sex on the energetic cost and preferred speed of walking.
R. C. Browning, E. A. Baker, J. A. Herron, and R. Kram (2006)
J Appl Physiol 100, 390-398
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Attenuated Peptide YY Release in Obese Subjects Is Associated with Reduced Satiety.
C. W. le Roux, R. L. Batterham, S. J. B. Aylwin, M. Patterson, C. M. Borg, K. J. Wynne, A. Kent, R. P. Vincent, J. Gardiner, M. A. Ghatei, et al. (2006)
Endocrinology 147, 3-8
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adipogenic potential of multiple human adenoviruses in vivo and in vitro in animals.
L. D. Whigham, B. A. Israel, and R. L. Atkinson (2006)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 290, R190-R194
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents.
G. A. Burghen (2005)
Diabetes Spectr 18, 210-212
   Full Text »    PDF »
Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
S. S. Bassuk and J. E. Manson (2005)
J Appl Physiol 99, 1193-1204
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of physical activity in preventing and treating obesity.
J. O. Hill and H. R. Wyatt (2005)
J Appl Physiol 99, 765-770
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Now and again: the food and beverage industry demonstrates its commitment to a healthy America.
S. Finn (2005)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 82, 253S-255S
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sustained rise in triacylglycerol synthesis and increased epididymal fat mass when rats cease voluntary wheel running.
D. S Kump and F. W Booth (2005)
J. Physiol. 565, 911-925
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Walking and Type 2 Diabetes.
J. O. Hill (2005)
Diabetes Care 28, 1524-1525
   Full Text »    PDF »
Overweight Children and Adolescents.
W. H. Dietz and T. N. Robinson (2005)
N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 2100-2109
   Full Text »    PDF »
Functional genomic characterization of delipidation elicited by trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) in a polygenic obese line of mice.
R. L. House, J. P. Cassady, E. J. Eisen, T. E. Eling, J. B. Collins, S. F. Grissom, and J. Odle (2005)
Physiol Genomics 21, 351-361
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The role of the consumption of beverages in the obesity epidemic.
S. Bawa (2005)
The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 125, 124-128
   Abstract »    PDF »
Association between dietary factors and plasma adiponectin concentrations in men.
T. Pischon, C. J Girman, N. Rifai, G. S Hotamisligil, and E. B Rimm (2005)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 81, 780-786
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The role of a low-glycemic-index diet in the management of obesity.
C. M Strik and C J. Henry (2005)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 81, 940-941
   Full Text »    PDF »
The Obesity Epidemic as Harbinger of a Metabolic Disorder Epidemic: Trends in Overweight, Hypercholesterolemia, and Diabetes Treatment in Geneva, Switzerland, 1993-2003.
A. Morabia and M. C. Costanza (2005)
Am J Public Health 95, 632-635
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dietary L-Arginine Supplementation Reduces Fat Mass in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats.
W. J. Fu, T. E. Haynes, R. Kohli, J. Hu, W. Shi, T. E. Spencer, R. J. Carroll, C. J. Meininger, and G. Wu (2005)
J. Nutr. 135, 714-721
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Illustrations of Inhaled Anesthetic Uptake, Including Intertissue Diffusion to and from Fat.
E. I. Eger II and L. J. Saidman (2005)
Anesth. Analg. 100, 1020-1033
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Deadweight? -- The Influence of Obesity on Longevity.
S. H. Preston (2005)
N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1135-1137
   Full Text »    PDF »
The putative satiety hormone PYY is raised in cardiac cachexia associated with primary pulmonary hypertension.
C W le Roux, M A Ghatei, J S R Gibbs, and S R Bloom (2005)
Heart 91, 241-242
   Full Text »    PDF »
Postprandial Plasma Ghrelin Is Suppressed Proportional to Meal Calorie Content in Normal-Weight But Not Obese Subjects.
C. W. le Roux, M. Patterson, R. P. Vincent, C. Hunt, M. A. Ghatei, and S. R. Bloom (2005)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 1068-1071
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stiffening Our Resolve Against Adult Weight Gain.
D. R. Seals and P. E. Gates (2005)
Hypertension 45, 175-177
   Full Text »    PDF »
Interindividual Variation in Posture Allocation: Possible Role in Human Obesity.
J. A. Levine, L. M. Lanningham-Foster, S. K. McCrady, A. C. Krizan, L. R. Olson, P. H. Kane, M. D. Jensen, and M. M. Clark (2005)
Science 307, 584-586
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dietary fats, teas, dairy, and nuts: potential functional foods for weight control?.
M.-P. St-Onge (2005)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 81, 7-15
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcript Profiling Suggests That Differential Metabolic Adaptation of Mice to a High Fat Diet Is Associated with Changes in Liver to Muscle Lipid Fluxes.
V. de Fourmestraux, H. Neubauer, C. Poussin, P. Farmer, L. Falquet, R. Burcelin, M. Delorenzi, and B. Thorens (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 50743-50753
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Energy Balance on Cancer in Genetically Altered Mice.
A. C. Patel, N. P. Nunez, S. N. Perkins, J. C. Barrett, and S. D. Hursting (2004)
J. Nutr. 134, 3394S-3398S
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The More Food Young Adults Are Served, the More They Overeat.
D. A. Levitsky and T. Youn (2004)
J. Nutr. 134, 2546-2549
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Editors' Overview of the Conference on Preventing Childhood Obesity.
S. A. Lederman, S. R. Akabas, and B. J. Moore (2004)
Pediatrics 114, 1139-1145
   Full Text »    PDF »
Summary of the Presentations at the Conference on Preventing Childhood Obesity, December 8, 2003.
S. A. Lederman, S. R. Akabas, B. J. Moore, M. E. Bentley, B. Devaney, M. W. Gillman, M. S. Kramer, J. A. Mennella, A. Ness, and J. Wardle (2004)
Pediatrics 114, 1146-1173
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The runaway weight gain train: too many accelerators, not enough brakes.
B. Swinburn and G. Egger (2004)
BMJ 329, 736-739
   Full Text »    PDF »
Saturated fats: what dietary intake?.
J B. German and C. J Dillard (2004)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 80, 550-559
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Associations between objectively assessed physical activity and indicators of body fatness in 9- to 10-y-old European children: a population-based study from 4 distinct regions in Europe (the European Youth Heart Study).
U. Ekelund, L. B Sardinha, S. A Anderssen, M. Harro, P. W Franks, S. Brage, A. R Cooper, L. B. Andersen, C. Riddoch, and K. Froberg (2004)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 80, 584-590
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Maternal Nutrition and Fetal Development.
G. Wu, F. W. Bazer, T. A. Cudd, C. J. Meininger, and T. E. Spencer (2004)
J. Nutr. 134, 2169-2172
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diet-Gene Interactions in p53-Deficient Mice: Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 as a Mechanistic Target.
S. D. Hursting, J. A. Lavigne, D. Berrigan, L. A. Donehower, B. J. Davis, J. M. Phang, J. C. Barrett, and S. N. Perkins (2004)
J. Nutr. 134, 2482S-2486S
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drinks, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes.
C. M. Apovian (2004)
JAMA 292, 978-979
   Full Text »    PDF »
Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A Common Agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association.
H. Eyre, R. Kahn, R. M. Robertson, and and the ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committe (2004)
Stroke 35, 1999-2010
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A Common Agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association.
H. Eyre, R. Kahn, R. M. Robertson, and the ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committe, N. G. Clark, C. Doyle, T. Gansler, T. Glynn, Y. Hong, R. A. Smith, et al. (2004)
CA Cancer J Clin 54, 190-207
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association.
H. Eyre, R. Kahn, and R. M. Robertson (2004)
Diabetes Care 27, 1812-1824
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A Common Agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association.
H. Eyre, R. Kahn, R. M. Robertson, the ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committee, ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committee Member, N. G. Clark, C. Doyle, Y. Hong, T. Gansler, T. Glynn, et al. (2004)
Circulation 109, 3244-3255
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preventing childh