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Science 29 November 2002:
Vol. 298. no. 5599, pp. 1759 - 1762
DOI: 10.1126/science.1077194
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Reports

In Vivo Imaging of Quantum Dots Encapsulated in Phospholipid Micelles

Benoit Dubertret,13*dagger Paris Skourides,2 David J. Norris,34* Vincent Noireaux,1 Ali H. Brivanlou,2 Albert Libchaber13

Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) have the potential to revolutionize biological imaging, but their use has been limited by difficulties in obtaining nanocrystals that are biocompatible. To address this problem, we encapsulated individual nanocrystals in phospholipid block-copolymer micelles and demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo imaging. When conjugated to DNA, the nanocrystal-micelles acted as in vitro fluorescent probes to hybridize to specific complementary sequences. Moreover, when injected into Xenopus embryos, the nanocrystal-micelles were stable, nontoxic (<5 × 109 nanocrystals per cell), cell autonomous, and slow to photobleach. Nanocrystal fluorescence could be followed to the tadpole stage, allowing lineage-tracing experiments in embryogenesis.

1 Center for Studies in Physics and Biology,
2 Laboratory of Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
3 NEC Research Institute, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
4 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: benoit.dubertret{at}espci.fr, dnorris{at}umn.edu

dagger    Present address: UPRA0005, CNRS and ESPCI, Laboratoire d'Optique Physique, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.

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