Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 7 April 2000:
Vol. 288. no. 5463, pp. 88 - 95
DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5463.88
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Review

The Way Things Move: Looking Under the Hood of Molecular Motor Proteins

Ronald D. Vale, 1* Ronald A. Milligan 2

The microtubule-based kinesin motors and actin-based myosin motors generate motions associated with intracellular trafficking, cell division, and muscle contraction. Early studies suggested that these molecular motors work by very different mechanisms. Recently, however, it has become clear that kinesin and myosin share a common core structure and convert energy from adenosine triphosphate into protein motion using a similar conformational change strategy. Many different types of mechanical amplifiers have evolved that operate in conjunction with the conserved core. This modular design has given rise to a remarkable diversity of kinesin and myosin motors whose motile properties are optimized for performing distinct biological functions.

1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
2 Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: vale{at}phy.ucsf.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Structure of the complex of a mitotic kinesin with its calcium binding regulator.
M. V. Vinogradova, G. G. Malanina, A. S. N. Reddy, and R. J. Fletterick (2009)
PNAS 106, 8175-8179
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Motile microtubule crosslinkers require distinct dynamic properties for correct functioning during spindle organization in Xenopus egg extract.
J. Cahu and T. Surrey (2009)
J. Cell Sci. 122, 1295-1300
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A new model for binding of kinesin 13 to curved microtubule protofilaments.
A. M. Mulder, A. Glavis-Bloom, C. A. Moores, M. Wagenbach, B. Carragher, L. Wordeman, and R. A. Milligan (2009)
J. Cell Biol. 185, 51-57
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ATP hydrolysis is required for DEAD-box protein recycling but not for duplex unwinding.
F. Liu, A. Putnam, and E. Jankowsky (2008)
PNAS 105, 20209-20214
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structure and Functional Role of Dynein's Microtubule-Binding Domain.
A. P. Carter, J. E. Garbarino, E. M. Wilson-Kubalek, W. E. Shipley, C. Cho, R. A. Milligan, R. D. Vale, and I. R. Gibbons (2008)
Science 322, 1691-1695
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinesin's cover-neck bundle folds forward to generate force.
A. S. Khalil, D. C. Appleyard, A. K. Labno, A. Georges, M. Karplus, A. M. Belcher, W. Hwang, and M. J. Lang (2008)
PNAS 105, 19247-19252
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Designing Heart Performance by Gene Transfer.
J. Davis, M. V. Westfall, D. Townsend, M. Blankinship, T. J. Herron, G. Guerrero-Serna, W. Wang, E. Devaney, and J. M. Metzger (2008)
Physiol Rev 88, 1567-1651
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Poleward transport of Eg5 by dynein-dynactin in Xenopus laevis egg extract spindles.
M. Uteng, C. Hentrich, K. Miura, P. Bieling, and T. Surrey (2008)
J. Cell Biol. 182, 715-726
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The role of microtubule movement in bidirectional organelle transport.
I. M. Kulic, A. E. X. Brown, H. Kim, C. Kural, B. Blehm, P. R. Selvin, P. C. Nelson, and V. I. Gelfand (2008)
PNAS 105, 10011-10016
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Time-Dependent Effects of Elevated Intraocular Pressure on Optic Nerve Head Axonal Transport and Cytoskeleton Proteins.
C. Balaratnasingam, W. H. Morgan, L. Bass, S. J. Cringle, and D.-Y. Yu (2008)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 986-999
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of an Axonal Kinesin-3 Motor for Fast Anterograde Vesicle Transport that Facilitates Retrograde Transport of Neuropeptides.
R. V. Barkus, O. Klyachko, D. Horiuchi, B. J. Dickson, and W. M. Saxton (2008)
Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 274-283
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adiabatic operation of a molecular machine.
R. D. Astumian (2007)
PNAS 104, 19715-19718
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A cool look at the structural changes in kinesin motor domains.
L. A. Amos and K. Hirose (2007)
J. Cell Sci. 120, 3919-3927
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynactin suppresses the retrograde movement of apically localized mRNA in Drosophila blastoderm embryos.
G. Vendra, R. S. Hamilton, and I. Davis (2007)
RNA 13, 1860-1867
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
MYH11 mutations result in a distinct vascular pathology driven by insulin-like growth factor 1 and angiotensin II.
H. Pannu, V. Tran-Fadulu, C. L. Papke, S. Scherer, Y. Liu, C. Presley, D. Guo, A. L. Estrera, H. J. Safi, A. R. Brasier, et al. (2007)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 16, 2453-2462
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myo4p is a monomeric myosin with motility uniquely adapted to transport mRNA.
B. D. Dunn, T. Sakamoto, M.-S. S. Hong, J. R. Sellers, and P. A. Takizawa (2007)
J. Cell Biol. 178, 1193-1206
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Motor Proteins at Work for Nanotechnology.
M. G. L. van den Heuvel and C. Dekker (2007)
Science 317, 333-336
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The beginning of kinesin's force-generating cycle visualized at 9-A resolution.
C. V. Sindelar and K. H. Downing (2007)
J. Cell Biol. 177, 377-385
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lucky 13 - microtubule depolymerisation by kinesin-13 motors..
C. A. Moores and R. A. Milligan (2006)
J. Cell Sci. 119, 3905-3913
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A microrotary motor powered by bacteria.
Y. Hiratsuka, M. Miyata, T. Tada, and T. Q. P. Uyeda (2006)
PNAS 103, 13618-13623
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Myosin-V is a mechanical ratchet.
J. C. M. Gebhardt, A. E.-M. Clemen, J. Jaud, and M. Rief (2006)
PNAS 103, 8680-8685
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Docking and Rolling, a Model of How the Mitotic Motor Eg5 Works.
S. S. Rosenfeld, J. Xing, G. M. Jefferson, and P. H. King (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 35684-35695
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Challenge to Bernstein's Degrees-of-Freedom Problem in Both Cases of Human and Robotic Multi-Joint Movements.
S. ARIMOTO, M. SEKIMOTO, and R. OZAWA (2005)
IEICE Trans A: Fundamentals E88-A, 2484-2495
   Abstract »    PDF »
Long Range Allosteric Control of Cytoplasmic Dynein ATPase Activity by the Stalk and C-terminal Domains.
P. Hook, A. Mikami, B. Shafer, B. T. Chait, S. S. Rosenfeld, and R. B. Vallee (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 33045-33054
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microtubule capture by CENP-E silences BubR1-dependent mitotic checkpoint signaling.
Y. Mao, A. Desai, and D. W. Cleveland (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 170, 873-880
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Removal of Tightly Bound ADP Induces Distinct Structural Changes of the Two Tryptophan-Containing Regions of the ncd Motor Domain.
H. Morii, T. Shimizu, N. Mizuno, M. Edamatsu, K. Ogawa, Y. Shimizu, and Y. Y. Toyoshima (2005)
J. Biochem. 138, 95-104
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinesin and Dynein Move a Peroxisome in Vivo: A Tug-of-War or Coordinated Movement?.
C. Kural, H. Kim, S. Syed, G. Goshima, V. I. Gelfand, and P. R. Selvin (2005)
Science 308, 1469-1472
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Centaurin-{alpha}1 interacts directly with kinesin motor protein KIF13B.
K. Venkateswarlu, T. Hanada, and A. H. Chishti (2005)
J. Cell Sci. 118, 2471-2484
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chaperonin GroEL Meets the Substrate Protein as a "Load" of the Rings.
H. Taguchi (2005)
J. Biochem. 137, 543-549
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular and phenotypic effects of heterozygous, homozygous, and compound heterozygote myosin heavy-chain mutations.
N. R. Alpert, S. A. Mohiddin, D. Tripodi, J. Jacobson-Hatzell, K. Vaughn-Whitley, C. Brosseau, D. M. Warshaw, and L. Fananapazir (2005)
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288, H1097-H1102
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interstitial Collagenase Is a Brownian Ratchet Driven by Proteolysis of Collagen.
S. Saffarian, I. E. Collier, B. L. Marmer, E. L. Elson, and G. Goldberg (2004)
Science 306, 108-111
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The tone of pulmonary smooth muscle: ROK and Rho music?.
J. T. Sylvester (2004)
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287, L624-L630
   Full Text »    PDF »
Novel nuclear defects in KLP61F-deficient mutants in Drosophila are partially suppressed by loss of Ncd function.
P. G. Wilson, R. Simmons, and S. Shigali (2004)
J. Cell Sci. 117, 4921-4933
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Model of Myosin V Processivity.
S. S. Rosenfeld and H. Lee Sweeney (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 40100-40111
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanistic Analysis of the Mitotic Kinesin Eg5.
J. C. Cochran, C. A. Sontag, Z. Maliga, T. M. Kapoor, J. J. Correia, and S. P. Gilbert (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 38861-38870
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Sliding Filament Model: 1972-2004.
R. Cooke (2004)
J. Gen. Physiol. 123, 643-656
   Full Text »    PDF »
Antitumor Activity of a Kinesin Inhibitor.
R. Sakowicz, J. T. Finer, C. Beraud, A. Crompton, E. Lewis, A. Fritsch, Y. Lee, J. Mak, R. Moody, R. Turincio, et al. (2004)
Cancer Res. 64, 3276-3280
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Coordination between Motor Domains in Processive Kinesins.
E. P. Sablin and R. J. Fletterick (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 15707-15710
   Full Text »    PDF »
Kinesin's second step.
L. M. Klumpp, A. Hoenger, and S. P. Gilbert (2004)
PNAS 101, 3444-3449
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of Orthophosphate, Nucleotide Analogues, ADP, and Phosphorylation on the Cytoplasmic Domains of Ca2+-ATPase from Scallop Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.
C. Ryan, D. L. Stokes, M. Chen, Z. Zhang, and P. M. D. Hardwicke (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 5380-5386
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibition of kinesin motility by ADP and phosphate supports a hand-over-hand mechanism.
W. R. Schief, R. H. Clark, A. H. Crevenna, and J. Howard (2004)
PNAS 101, 1183-1188
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinesin Walks Hand-Over-Hand.
A. Yildiz, M. Tomishige, R. D. Vale, and P. R. Selvin (2004)
Science 303, 676-678
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of KinI kinesin ATPase activity by binding to the microtubule lattice.
C. A. Moores, M. Hekmat-Nejad, R. Sakowicz, and R. A. Milligan (2003)
J. Cell Biol. 163, 963-971
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CURRENT TOPICS FOR TEACHING SKELETAL MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY.
S. V. Brooks (2003)
Advan Physiol Educ 27, 171-182
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Distinct conformations of the kinesin Unc104 neck regulate a monomer to dimer motor transition.
J. Al-Bassam, Y. Cui, D. Klopfenstein, B. O. Carragher, R. D. Vale, and R. A. Milligan (2003)
J. Cell Biol. 163, 743-753
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A comparative study of motor-protein motions by using a simple elastic-network model.
W. Zheng and S. Doniach (2003)
PNAS 100, 13253-13258
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myosin V motor proteins: marching stepwise towards a mechanism.
R. D. Vale (2003)
J. Cell Biol. 163, 445-450
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Kinesin Switch I Arginine to Lysine Mutation Rescues Microtubule Function.
L. M. Klumpp, A. T. Mackey, C. M. Farrell, J. M. Rosenberg, and S. P. Gilbert (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 39059-39067
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adenosine 5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate (ATP{gamma}S) is a substrate for the nucleotide hydrolysis and RNA unwinding activities of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4A.
M. L. PECK and D. HERSCHLAG (2003)
RNA 9, 1180-1187
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Trafficking of signaling modules by kinesin motors.
B. J. Schnapp (2003)
J. Cell Sci. 116, 2125-2135
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Compression forces generated by actin comet tails on lipid vesicles.
P. A. Giardini, D. A. Fletcher, and J. A. Theriot (2003)
PNAS 100, 6493-6498
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stepping and Stretching. HOW KINESIN USES INTERNAL STRAIN TO WALK PROCESSIVELY.
S. S. Rosenfeld, P. M. Fordyce, G. M. Jefferson, P. H. King, and S. M. Block (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 18550-18556
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Science Consultants, Fictional Films, and Scientific Practice.
D. A. Kirby (2003)
Social Studies of Science 33, 231-268
   Abstract »    PDF »
The converter domain modulates kinetic properties of Drosophila myosin.
K. P. Littlefield, D. M. Swank, B. M. Sanchez, A. F. Knowles, D. M. Warshaw, and S. I. Bernstein (2003)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 284, C1031-C1038
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Axonal transport of membranous and nonmembranous cargoes: a unified perspective.
A. Brown (2003)
J. Cell Biol. 160, 817-821
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Revealingly odd couples.
J. M. Murray (2002)
PNAS 99, 16507-16509
   Full Text »    PDF »
The prepower stroke conformation of myosin V.
S. Burgess, M. Walker, F. Wang, J. R. Sellers, H. D. White, P. J. Knight, and J. Trinick (2002)
J. Cell Biol. 159, 983-991
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Coordination of kinesin's two heads studied with mutant heterodimers.
K. Kaseda, H. Higuchi, and K. Hirose (2002)
PNAS 99, 16058-16063
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Calmodulin-binding Domain from a Plant Kinesin Functions as a Modular Domain in Conferring Ca2+-Calmodulin Regulation to Animal Plus- and Minus-end Kinesins.
V. S. Reddy and A. S. N. Reddy (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 48058-48065
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Crystallographic findings on the internally uncoupled and near-rigor states of myosin: Further insights into the mechanics of the motor.
D. M. Himmel, S. Gourinath, L. Reshetnikova, Y. Shen, A. G. Szent-Gyorgyi, and C. Cohen (2002)
PNAS 99, 12645-12650
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Conversion of Unc104/KIF1A Kinesin into a Processive Motor After Dimerization.
M. Tomishige, D. R. Klopfenstein, and R. D. Vale (2002)
Science 297, 2263-2267
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Measuring Kinesin's First Step.
S. S. Rosenfeld, J. Xing, G. M. Jefferson, H. C. Cheung, and P. H. King (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 36731-36739
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
F1-ATPase Changes Its Conformations upon Phosphate Release.
T. Masaike, E. Muneyuki, H. Noji, K. Kinosita Jr., and M. Yoshida (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 21643-21649
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Role of ATP Hydrolysis for Kinesin Processivity.
C. M. Farrell, A. T. Mackey, L. M. Klumpp, and S. P. Gilbert (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 17079-17087
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinesin-microtubule binding depends on both nucleotide state and loading direction.
S. Uemura, K. Kawaguchi, J. Yajima, M. Edamatsu, Y. Y. Toyoshima, and S.'i. Ishiwata (2002)
PNAS 99, 5977-5981
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanical force generation by G proteins.
I. Kosztin, R. Bruinsma, P. O'Lague, and K. Schulten (2002)
PNAS 99, 3575-3580
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Trypanin is a cytoskeletal linker protein and is required for cell motility in African trypanosomes.
N. R. Hutchings, J. E. Donelson, and K. L. Hill (2002)
J. Cell Biol. 156, 867-877
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinesin: switch I & II and the motor mechanism.
F. J. Kull and S. A. Endow (2002)
J. Cell Sci. 115, 15-23
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Orphan Kinesin NOD Lacks Motile Properties But Does Possess a Microtubule-stimulated ATPase Activity.
H. J.G. Matthies, R. J. Baskin, and R. S. Hawley (2001)
Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 4000-4012
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ATP Reorients the Neck Linker of Kinesin in Two Sequential Steps.
S. S. Rosenfeld, G. M. Jefferson, and P. H. King (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 40167-40174
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ypt/Rab GTPases: Regulators of Protein Trafficking.
N. Segev (2001)
Sci. STKE 2001, re11
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The extrusion-capture model for chromosome partitioning in bacteria.
K. P. Lemon and A. D. Grossman (2001)
Genes & Dev. 15, 2031-2041
   Full Text »    PDF »
Electron Microscopy of Cells: A New Beginning for a New Century.
J. R. McIntosh (2001)
J. Cell Biol. 153, F25-F32
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cargo of Kinesin Identified as JIP Scaffolding Proteins and Associated Signaling Molecules.
K. J. Verhey, D. Meyer, R. Deehan, J. Blenis, B. J. Schnapp, T. A. Rapoport, and B. Margolis (2001)
J. Cell Biol. 152, 959-970
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Origin of nanomechanical cantilever motion generated from biomolecular interactions.
G. Wu, H. Ji, K. Hansen, T. Thundat, R. Datar, R. Cote, M. F. Hagan, A. K. Chakraborty, and A. Majumdar (2001)
PNAS
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Nucleotide-Dependent Single- to Double-Headed Binding of Kinesin.
K. Kawaguchi and S.'i. Ishiwata (2001)
Science 291, 667-669
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Myosin learns to walk.
A. Mehta (2001)
J. Cell Sci. 114, 1981-1998
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Controlling Kinesin by Reversible Disulfide Cross-linking: Identifying the Motility-producing Conformational Change.
M. Tomishige and R. D. Vale (2000)
J. Cell Biol. 151, 1081-1092
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Engineering the Processive Run Length of the Kinesin Motor.
K. S. Thorn, J. A. Ubersax, and R. D. Vale (2000)
J. Cell Biol. 151, 1093-1100
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A large step for myosin.
T. Yanagida and A. H. Iwane (2000)
PNAS 97, 9357-9359
   Full Text »    PDF »
AAA Proteins: Lords of the Ring.
R. D. Vale (2000)
J. Cell Biol. 150, F13-F20
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Visualizing myosin's power stroke in muscle contraction.
M. Reedy (2000)
J. Cell Sci. 113, 3551-3562
   Abstract »    PDF »
Kinesin Has Three Nucleotide-dependent Conformations. IMPLICATIONS FOR STRAIN-DEPENDENT RELEASE.
J. Xing, W. Wriggers, G. M. Jefferson, R. Stein, H. C. Cheung, and S. S. Rosenfeld (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 35413-35423
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Overall Conformation of Conventional Kinesins Studied by Small Angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering.
F. Kozielski, D. Svergun, G. Zaccai, R. H. Wade, and M. H.J. Koch (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 1267-1275
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Mechanistic Model for Ncd Directionality.
K. A. Foster, A. T. Mackey, and S. P. Gilbert (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 19259-19266
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Crystal Structure of the Mitotic Spindle Kinesin Eg5 Reveals a Novel Conformation of the Neck-linker.
J. Turner, R. Anderson, J. Guo, C. Beraud, R. Fletterick, and R. Sakowicz (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 25496-25502
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The ATPase Reaction Cycle of Yeast DNA Topoisomerase II. SLOW RATES OF ATP RESYNTHESIS AND Pi RELEASE.
C. L. Baird, M. S. Gordon, D. M. Andrenyak, J. F. Marecek, and J. E. Lindsley (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 27893-27898
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetic Mechanism and Regulation of Myosin VI.
E. M. De La Cruz, E. M. Ostap, and H. L. Sweeney (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 32373-32381
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Origin of nanomechanical cantilever motion generated from biomolecular interactions.
G. Wu, H. Ji, K. Hansen, T. Thundat, R. Datar, R. Cote, M. F. Hagan, A. K. Chakraborty, and A. Majumdar (2001)
PNAS 98, 1560-1564
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinesin-microtubule binding depends on both nucleotide state and loading direction.
S. Uemura, K. Kawaguchi, J. Yajima, M. Edamatsu, Y. Y. Toyoshima, and S.'i. Ishiwata (2002)
PNAS 99, 5977-5981
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Trypanin is a cytoskeletal linker protein and is required for cell motility in African trypanosomes.
N. R. Hutchings, J. E. Donelson, and K. L. Hill (2002)
J. Cell Biol. 156, 867-877
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)