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Science 28 January 2000:
Vol. 287. no. 5453, pp. 607 - 614
DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5453.607
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Review

AIDS as a Zoonosis: Scientific and Public Health Implications

Beatrice H. Hahn, 1* George M. Shaw, 12 Kevin M. De , Cock, 3 Paul M. Sharp 4

Evidence of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection has been reported for 26 different species of African nonhuman primates. Two of these viruses, SIVcpz from chimpanzees and SIVsm from sooty mangabeys, are the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. Together, they have been transmitted to humans on at least seven occasions. The implications of human infection by a diverse set of SIVs and of exposure to a plethora of additional human immunodeficiency virus-related viruses are discussed.

1 Departments of Medicine and Microbiology,
2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
3 Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention-Surveillance and Epidemiology, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
4 Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NH7 2UH, UK.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bhahn{at}uab.edu

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The Natural Host Range Shift and Subsequent Evolution of Canine Parvovirus Resulted from Virus-Specific Binding to the Canine Transferrin Receptor.
K. Hueffer, J. S. L. Parker, W. S. Weichert, R. E. Geisel, J.-Y. Sgro, and C. R. Parrish (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 1718-1726
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Noninvasive Detection of New Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Lineages in Captive Sooty Mangabeys: Ability To Amplify Virion RNA from Fecal Samples Correlates with Viral Load in Plasma.
B. Ling, M. L. Santiago, S. Meleth, B. Gormus, H. M. McClure, C. Apetrei, B. H. Hahn, and P. A. Marx (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 2214-2226
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Amplification of a Complete Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Genome from Fecal RNA of a Wild Chimpanzee.
M. L. Santiago, F. Bibollet-Ruche, E. Bailes, S. Kamenya, M. N. Muller, M. Lukasik, A. E. Pusey, D. A. Collins, R. W. Wrangham, J. Goodall, et al. (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 2233-2242
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Molecular epidemiology of gibbon hepatitis B virus transmission.
S. Noppornpanth, B. L. Haagmans, P. Bhattarakosol, P. Ratanakorn, H. G. M. Niesters, A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, and Y. Poovorawan (2003)
J. Gen. Virol. 84, 147-155
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Partial Molecular Characterization of Two Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses (SIV) from African Colobids: SIVwrc from Western Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius) and SIVolc from Olive Colobus (Procolobus verus).
V. Courgnaud, P. Formenty, C. Akoua-Koffi, R. Noe, C. Boesch, E. Delaporte, and M. Peeters (2002)
J. Virol. 77, 744-748
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Identification of a Hepatitis B Virus Genome in Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi) from East Africa Indicates a Wide Geographical Dispersion among Equatorial African Primates.
J.-P. Vartanian, P. Pineau, M. Henry, W. D. Hamilton, M. N. Muller, R. W. Wrangham, and S. Wain-Hobson (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 11155-11158
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High Levels of Viral Replication Contrast with Only Transient Changes in CD4+ and CD8+ Cell Numbers during the Early Phase of Experimental Infection with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmnd-1 in Mandrillus sphinx.
R. Onanga, C. Kornfeld, I. Pandrea, J. Estaquier, S. Souquiere, P. Rouquet, V. P. Mavoungou, O. Bourry, S. M'Boup, F. Barre-Sinoussi, et al. (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 10256-10263
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Evidence for an ancient selective sweep in the MHC class I gene repertoire of chimpanzees.
N. G. de Groot, N. Otting, G. G. M. Doxiadis, S. S. Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh, J. L. Heeney, J. J. van Rood, P. Gagneux, and R. E. Bontrop (2002)
PNAS 99, 11748-11753
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From the Cover: Cellular inhibitors with Fv1-like activity restrict human and simian immunodeficiency virus tropism.
S. Cowan, T. Hatziioannou, T. Cunningham, M. A. Muesing, H. G. Gottlinger, and P. D. Bieniasz (2002)
PNAS 99, 11914-11919
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Detection of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Diverse Species and of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 by Using Consensus Primers within the pol Region.
S. Masciotra, C. Yang, D. Pieniazek, C. Thomas, S. M. Owen, H. M. McClure, and R. B. Lal (2002)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 3167-3171
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Characterization of a Novel Simian Immunodeficiency Virus with a vpu Gene from Greater Spot-Nosed Monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans) Provides New Insights into Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Phylogeny.
V. Courgnaud, M. Salemi, X. Pourrut, E. Mpoudi-Ngole, B. Abela, P. Auzel, F. Bibollet-Ruche, B. Hahn, A.-M. Vandamme, E. Delaporte, et al. (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 8298-8309
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TT virus infection: a novel virus-host relationship.
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J. Med. Microbiol. 51, 455-458
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Contribution of Peaks of Virus Load to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis.
R. R. Regoes, S. I. Staprans, M. B. Feinberg, and S. Bonhoeffer (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 2573-2578
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High Prevalence of Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Type L in Wild Ethiopian Baboons.
T. Takemura, M. Yamashita, M. K. Shimada, S. Ohkura, T. Shotake, M. Ikeda, T. Miura, and M. Hayami (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 1642-1648
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SIVcpz in Wild Chimpanzees.
M. L. Santiago, C. M. Rodenburg, S. Kamenya, F. Bibollet-Ruche, F. Gao, E. Bailes, S. Meleth, S.-J. Soong, J. M. Kilby, Z. Moldoveanu, et al. (2002)
Science 295, 465
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Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Sickle Cell Disease.
M. C. Walters, A. W. Nienhuis, and E. Vichinsky (2002)
Hematology 2002, 10-34
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Evolutionary and immunological implications of contemporary HIV-1 variation.
B. Korber, B. Gaschen, K. Yusim, R. Thakallapally, C. Kesmir, and V. Detours (2001)
Br. Med. Bull. 58, 19-42
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Wild Mandrillus sphinx Are Carriers of Two Types of Lentivirus.
S. Souquiere, F. Bibollet-Ruche, D. L. Robertson, M. Makuwa, C. Apetrei, R. Onanga, C. Kornfeld, J.-C. Plantier, F. Gao, K. Abernethy, et al. (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 7086-7096
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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a summary of current scientific knowledge in relation to public health.
M. B. Coulthart and N. R. Cashman (2001)
Can. Med. Assoc. J. 165, 51-58
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AIDS -- Past and Future.
M. S. Gottlieb (2001)
N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 1788-1791
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Population Biology of Multihost Pathogens.
M. E. J. Woolhouse, L. H. Taylor, and D. T. Haydon (2001)
Science 292, 1109-1112
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Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replicates to High Levels in Naturally Infected African Green Monkeys without Inducing Immunologic or Neurologic Disease.
S. R. Broussard, S. I. Staprans, R. White, E. M. Whitehead, M. B. Feinberg, and J. S. Allan (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 2262-2275
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Evidence of Infection with Simian Type D Retrovirus in Persons Occupationally Exposed to Nonhuman Primates.
N. W. Lerche, W. M. Switzer, J. L. Yee, V. Shanmugam, A. N. Rosenthal, L. E. Chapman, T. M. Folks, and W. Heneine (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 1783-1789
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Characterization of a Novel Simian Immunodeficiency Virus from Guereza Colobus Monkeys (Colobus guereza) in Cameroon: a New Lineage in the Nonhuman Primate Lentivirus Family.
V. Courgnaud, X. Pourrut, F. Bibollet-Ruche, E. Mpoudi-Ngole, A. Bourgeois, E. Delaporte, and M. Peeters (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 857-866
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Functional Analysis of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vpx Protein: Identification of Packaging Determinants and a Novel Nuclear Targeting Domain.
S. Mahalingam, B. Van Tine, M. L. Santiago, F. Gao, G. M. Shaw, and B. H. Hahn (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 362-374
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Simian Homologues of Human Gamma-2 and Betaherpesviruses in Mandrill and Drill Monkeys.
V. Lacoste, P. Mauclere, G. Dubreuil, J. Lewis, M.-C. Georges-Courbot, J. Rigoulet, T. Petit, and A. Gessain (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 11993-11999
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HIV: Much at Stake with Kidneys?.
J. P. MOORE and R. W. DOMS (2000)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11, 2138-2140
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