Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 14 January 2000:
Vol. 287. no. 5451, pp. 248 - 251
DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5451.248
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Review

Memory--a Century of Consolidation

James L. McGaugh

The memory consolidation hypothesis proposed 100 years ago by Müller and Pilzecker continues to guide memory research. The hypothesis that new memories consolidate slowly over time has stimulated studies revealing the hormonal and neural influences regulating memory consolidation, as well as molecular and cellular mechanisms. This review examines the progress made over the century in understanding the time-dependent processes that create our lasting memories.

The author is at the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. E-mail: jlmcgaug{at}uci.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Differential conditioning and long-term olfactory memory in individual Camponotus fellah ants.
R. Josens, C. Eschbach, and M. Giurfa (2009)
J. Exp. Biol. 212, 1904-1911
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Noradrenergic enhancement of amygdala responses to fear.
O. A. Onur, H. Walter, T. E. Schlaepfer, A. K. Rehme, C. Schmidt, C. Keysers, W. Maier, and R. Hurlemann (2009)
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 4, 119-126
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Extinction-Reconsolidation Boundaries: Key to Persistent Attenuation of Fear Memories.
M.-H. Monfils, K. K. Cowansage, E. Klann, and J. E. LeDoux (2009)
Science 324, 951-955
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fat-induced satiety factor oleoylethanolamide enhances memory consolidation.
P. Campolongo, B. Roozendaal, V. Trezza, V. Cuomo, G. Astarita, J. Fu, J. L. McGaugh, and D. Piomelli (2009)
PNAS 106, 8027-8031
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Predicting not to predict too much: how the cellular machinery of memory anticipates the uncertain future.
Y. Dudai (2009)
Phil Trans R Soc B 364, 1255-1262
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
REM Sleep, Prefrontal Theta, and the Consolidation of Human Emotional Memory.
M. Nishida, J. Pearsall, R. L. Buckner, and M. P. Walker (2009)
Cereb Cortex 19, 1158-1166
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ecdysone signaling regulates the formation of long-term courtship memory in adult Drosophila melanogaster.
H. Ishimoto, T. Sakai, and T. Kitamoto (2009)
PNAS 106, 6381-6386
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Does Sleep Promote Motor Learning? Implications for Physical Rehabilitation.
C. F Siengsukon and L. A Boyd (2009)
Physical Therapy 89, 370-383
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Endocannabinoids in the rat basolateral amygdala enhance memory consolidation and enable glucocorticoid modulation of memory.
P. Campolongo, B. Roozendaal, V. Trezza, D. Hauer, G. Schelling, J. L. McGaugh, and V. Cuomo (2009)
PNAS 106, 4888-4893
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Switch from Cycloheximide-Resistant Consolidated Memory to Cycloheximide-Sensitive Reconsolidation and Extinction in Drosophila.
F. Lagasse, J.-M. Devaud, and F. Mery (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 2225-2230
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Brain Region-Specific Gene Expression Activation Required for Reconsolidation and Extinction of Contextual Fear Memory.
N. Mamiya, H. Fukushima, A. Suzuki, Z. Matsuyama, S. Homma, P. W. Frankland, and S. Kida (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 402-413
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcription Factors in Long-Term Memory and Synaptic Plasticity.
C. M. Alberini (2009)
Physiol Rev 89, 121-145
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Age-dependent and age-independent human memory persistence is enhanced by delayed posttraining methylphenidate administration.
I. Izquierdo, L. R. Bevilaqua, J. I. Rossato, R. H. Lima, J. H. Medina, and M. Cammarota (2008)
PNAS 105, 19504-19507
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spatial memory in the Morris water maze and activation of cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB) protein within the mouse hippocampus.
Y. Porte, M. C. Buhot, and N. E. Mons (2008)
Learn. Mem. 15, 885-894
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synaptic Plasticity from Visual Cortex to Hippocampus: Systems Integration in Spatial Information Processing.
M. Tsanov and D. Manahan-Vaughan (2008)
Neuroscientist 14, 584-597
   Abstract »    PDF »
Dopaminergic Modulation of Auditory Cortex-Dependent Memory Consolidation through mTOR.
H. Schicknick, B. H. Schott, E. Budinger, K.-H. Smalla, A. Riedel, C. I. Seidenbecher, H. Scheich, E. D. Gundelfinger, and W. Tischmeyer (2008)
Cereb Cortex 18, 2646-2658
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetic Regulation of bdnf Gene Transcription in the Consolidation of Fear Memory.
F. D. Lubin, T. L. Roth, and J. D. Sweatt (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 10576-10586
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
De novo mRNA synthesis is required for both consolidation and reconsolidation of fear memories in the amygdala.
S. Duvarci, K. Nader, and J. E. LeDoux (2008)
Learn. Mem. 15, 747-755
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Upregulation of Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IV Improves Memory Formation and Rescues Memory Loss with Aging.
H. Fukushima, R. Maeda, R. Suzuki, A. Suzuki, M. Nomoto, H. Toyoda, L.-J. Wu, H. Xu, M.-G. Zhao, K. Ueda, et al. (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 9910-9919
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The dynamics of memory: Context-dependent updating.
A. Hupbach, O. Hardt, R. Gomez, and L. Nadel (2008)
Learn. Mem. 15, 574-579
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cochlear Implants Stimulate Activity-Dependent CREB Pathway in the Deaf Auditory Cortex: Implications for Molecular Plasticity Induced by Neural Prosthetic Devices.
J. Tan, S. Widjaja, J. Xu, and R. K. Shepherd (2008)
Cereb Cortex 18, 1799-1813
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inaugural Article: Parallel memory processing by the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus and the basolateral amygdala.
M. Cammarota, L. R. Bevilaqua, J. I. Rossato, R. H. Lima, J. H. Medina, and I. Izquierdo (2008)
PNAS 105, 10279-10284
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Shifting from implicit to explicit knowledge: Different roles of early- and late-night sleep.
J. Yordanova, V. Kolev, R. Verleger,, Z. Bataghva, J. Born, and U. Wagner (2008)
Learn. Mem. 15, 508-515
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
c-Rel, an NF-{kappa}B family transcription factor, is required for hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
H. J. Ahn, C. M. Hernandez, J. M. Levenson, F. D. Lubin, H.-C. Liou, and J. D. Sweatt (2008)
Learn. Mem. 15, 539-549
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Glucocorticoids enhance taste aversion memory via actions in the insular cortex and basolateral amygdala.
M. I. Miranda, G. L. Quirarte, G. Rodriguez-Garcia, J. L. McGaugh, and B. Roozendaal (2008)
Learn. Mem. 15, 468-476
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in the Basolateral Amygdala Enhances Memory Consolidation via an Interaction with the {beta}-Adrenoceptor-cAMP Pathway: Dependence on Glucocorticoid Receptor Activation.
B. Roozendaal, G. Schelling, and J. L. McGaugh (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 6642-6651
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preferential Reactivation of Motivationally Relevant Information in the Ventral Striatum.
C. S. Lansink, P. M. Goltstein, J. V. Lankelma, R. N. J. M. A. Joosten, B. L. McNaughton, and C. M. A. Pennartz (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 6372-6382
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The temporal dynamics of consolidation and reconsolidation decrease during postnatal development.
S. Languille, N. Gruest, P. Richer, and B. Hars (2008)
Learn. Mem. 15, 434-442
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of LVGCCs and CB1 receptors required for destabilization of reactivated contextual fear memories.
A. Suzuki, T. Mukawa, A. Tsukagoshi, P. W. Frankland, and S. Kida (2008)
Learn. Mem. 15, 426-433
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ablation of Ca2+ Channel {beta}3 Subunit Leads to Enhanced N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor-dependent Long Term Potentiation and Improved Long Term Memory.
D. Jeon, I. Song, W. Guido, K. Kim, E. Kim, U. Oh, and H.-S. Shin (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 12093-12101
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Author Response.
S. Page and P. Levine (2008)
Physical Therapy 88, 684-688
   Full Text »    PDF »
Inverse temporal contributions of the dorsal hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex to the expression of long-term fear memories.
J. J. Quinn, Q. D. Ma, M. R. Tinsley, C. Koch, and M. S. Fanselow (2008)
Learn. Mem. 15, 368-372
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Acute predator stress impairs the consolidation and retrieval of hippocampus-dependent memory in male and female rats.
C. R. Park, P. R. Zoladz, C. D. Conrad, M. Fleshner, and D. M. Diamond (2008)
Learn. Mem. 15, 271-280
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Involvement of basolateral amygdala {alpha}2-adrenoceptors in modulating consolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory.
B. Ferry and J. L. McGaugh (2008)
Learn. Mem. 15, 238-243
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reviews: BDNF and Memory Formation and Storage.
P. Bekinschtein, M. Cammarota, I. Izquierdo, and J. H. Medina (2008)
Neuroscientist 14, 147-156
   Abstract »    PDF »
Electrophysiological and Behavioral Evidence Demonstrating That Predator Detection Alters Adaptive Behaviors in the Snail Lymnaea.
M. V. Orr and K. Lukowiak (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 2726-2734
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Predator (cat hair)-induced enhancement of hippocampal long-term potentiation in rats: Involvement of acetylcholine.
H. C. Dringenberg, D. Oliveira, and D. Habib (2008)
Learn. Mem. 15, 112-116
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
BDNF is essential to promote persistence of long-term memory storage.
P. Bekinschtein, M. Cammarota, C. Katche, L. Slipczuk, J. I. Rossato, A. Goldin, I. Izquierdo, and J. H. Medina (2008)
PNAS 105, 2711-2716
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neuroimaging analysis of an anesthetic gas that blocks human emotional memory.
M. T. Alkire, R. Gruver, J. Miller, J. R. McReynolds, E. L. Hahn, and L. Cahill (2008)
PNAS 105, 1722-1727
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Universal Memory Mechanism for Familiarity Recognition and Identification.
V. Yakovlev, D. J. Amit, S. Romani, and S. Hochstein (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 239-248
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stress administered prior to encoding impairs neutral but enhances emotional long-term episodic memories.
J. D. Payne, E. D. Jackson, S. Hoscheidt, L. Ryan, W. J. Jacobs, and L. Nadel (2007)
Learn. Mem. 14, 861-868
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sleep transforms the cerebral trace of declarative memories.
S. Gais, G. Albouy, M. Boly, T. T. Dang-Vu, A. Darsaud, M. Desseilles, G. Rauchs, M. Schabus, V. Sterpenich, G. Vandewalle, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 18778-18783
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fast-Forward Playback of Recent Memory Sequences in Prefrontal Cortex During Sleep.
D. R. Euston, M. Tatsuno, and B. L. McNaughton (2007)
Science 318, 1147-1150
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Using immediate-early genes to map hippocampal subregional functions.
S. Kubik, T. Miyashita, and J. F. Guzowski (2007)
Learn. Mem. 14, 758-770
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacological manipulations of arousal and memory for emotional material: effects of a single dose of methylphenidate or lorazepam.
C. M. Brignell, J. Rosenthal, and H. V. Curran (2007)
J Psychopharmacol 21, 673-683
   Abstract »    PDF »
Norepinephrine enables the induction of associative long-term potentiation at thalamo-amygdala synapses.
K. Tully, Y. Li, E. Tsvetkov, and V. Y. Bolshakov (2007)
PNAS 104, 14146-14150
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Early Sensory Pathways for Detection of Fearful Conditioned Stimuli: Tectal and Thalamic Relays.
J. D. Cohen and M. A. Castro-Alamancos (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 7762-7776
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prefrontal Regions Orchestrate Suppression of Emotional Memories via a Two-Phase Process.
B. E. Depue, T. Curran, and M. T. Banich (2007)
Science 317, 215-219
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Memory trace stabilization leads to large-scale changes in the retrieval network: A functional MRI study on associative memory.
A. Takashima, I. L.C. Nieuwenhuis, M. Rijpkema, K. M. Petersson, O. Jensen, and G. Fernandez (2007)
Learn. Mem. 14, 472-479
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Methylphenidate Administration to Juvenile Rats Alters Brain Areas Involved in Cognition, Motivated Behaviors, Appetite, and Stress.
J. D. Gray, M. Punsoni, N. E. Tabori, J. T. Melton, V. Fanslow, M. J. Ward, B. Zupan, D. Menzer, J. Rice, C. T. Drake, et al. (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 7196-7207
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid forgetting of social transmission of food preferences in aged rats: Relationship to hippocampal CREB activation.
R. A. Countryman and P. E. Gold (2007)
Learn. Mem. 14, 350-358
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
How Emotion Shapes Behavior: Feedback, Anticipation, and Reflection, Rather Than Direct Causation.
R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs, C. Nathan DeWall, and Liqing Zhang (2007)
Personality and Social Psychology Review 11, 167-203
   Abstract »    PDF »
Acute exposure to stress improves performance in trace eyeblink conditioning and spatial learning tasks in healthy men.
R. Duncko, B. Cornwell, L. Cui, K. R. Merikangas, and C. Grillon (2007)
Learn. Mem. 14, 329-335
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Human relational memory requires time and sleep.
J. M. Ellenbogen, P. T. Hu, J. D. Payne, D. Titone, and M. P. Walker (2007)
PNAS 104, 7723-7728
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dopamine D1 receptors regulate protein synthesis-dependent long-term recognition memory via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in the prefrontal cortex.
T. Nagai, K. Takuma, H. Kamei, Y. Ito, N. Nakamichi, D. Ibi, Y. Nakanishi, M. Murai, H. Mizoguchi, T. Nabeshima, et al. (2007)
Learn. Mem. 14, 117-125
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Assembly of an SAP97-AKAP79-cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Scaffold at the Type 1 PSD-95/DLG/ZO1 Motif of the Human beta1-Adrenergic Receptor Generates a Receptosome Involved in Receptor Recycling and Networking.
L. A. Gardner, A. P. Naren, and S. W. Bahouth (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 5085-5099
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
NMDA-dependent facilitation of corticostriatal plasticity by the amygdala.
A. T. Popescu, A. A. Saghyan, and D. Pare (2007)
PNAS 104, 341-346
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Neurocognitive Model of Advertisement Content and Brand Name Recall.
A. G. Chessa and J. M. J. Murre (2007)
Marketing Science 26, 130-141
   Abstract »    PDF »
Reconsolidation of episodic memories: A subtle reminder triggers integration of new information.
A. Hupbach, R. Gomez, O. Hardt, and L. Nadel (2007)
Learn. Mem. 14, 47-53
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Orphanin FQ/nociceptin interacts with the basolateral amygdala noradrenergic system in memory consolidation.
B. Roozendaal, R. Lengvilas, J. L. McGaugh, O. Civelli, and R. K. Reinscheid (2007)
Learn. Mem. 14, 29-35
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intermittent Practice Facilitates Stable Motor Memories..
S. A. Overduin, A. G. Richardson, C. E. Lane, E. Bizzi, and D. Z. Press (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 11888-11892
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dopaminergic modulation of the persistence of one-trial hippocampus-dependent memory.
C. M. O'Carroll, S. J. Martin, J. Sandin, B. Frenguelli, and R. G.M. Morris (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 760-769
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Associative memory in three aplysiids: Correlation with heterosynaptic modulation.
B. A. Hoover, H. Nguyen, L. Thompson, and W. G. Wright (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 820-826
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gastric stimulation in obese subjects activates the hippocampus and other regions involved in brain reward circuitry.
G.-J. Wang, J. Yang, N. D. Volkow, F. Telang, Y. Ma, W. Zhu, C. T. Wong, D. Tomasi, P. K. Thanos, and J. S. Fowler (2006)
PNAS 103, 15641-15645
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The effect of anticipation and the specificity of sex differences for amygdala and hippocampus function in emotional memory.
K. L. Mackiewicz, I. Sarinopoulos, K. L. Cleven, and J. B. Nitschke (2006)
PNAS 103, 14200-14205
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Postreactivation glucocorticoids impair recall of established fear memory..
W.-H. Cai, J. Blundell, J. Han, R. W. Greene, and C. M. Powell (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 9560-9566
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Contrasting Roles of Corticosteroid Receptors in Hippocampal Plasticity.
A. Avital, M. Segal, and G. Richter-Levin (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 9130-9134
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Unraveling the impenetrable nature of amnesia: A new beginning.
K. Nader (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 489-490
   Full Text »    PDF »
Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes..
R. R. Miller and L. D. Matzel (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 491-497
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The many faces of amnesia..
P. E. Gold (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 506-514
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In memory of consolidation..
S. J. Sara and B. Hars (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 515-521
   Full Text »    PDF »
Lost forever or temporarily misplaced? The long debate about the nature of memory impairment..
L. R. Squire (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 522-529
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fading in..
K. Nader and S.-H. Wang (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 530-535
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reconsolidation: A brief history, a retrieval view, and some recent issues..
D. C. Riccio, P. M. Millin, and A. R. Bogart (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 536-544
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Aversive memory reactivation engages in the amygdala only some neurotransmitters involved in consolidation.
C. Bucherelli, E. Baldi, C. Mariottini, M. B. Passani, and P. Blandina (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 426-430
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hippocampal slow oscillation: a novel EEG state and its coordination with ongoing neocortical activity..
T. Wolansky, E. A. Clement, S. R. Peters, M. A. Palczak, and C. T. Dickson (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 6213-6229
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Understanding Consolidation through the Architecture of Memories.
E. M. Robertson and D. A. Cohen (2006)
Neuroscientist 12, 261-271
   Abstract »    PDF »
Acute suppression, but not chronic genetic deficiency, of c-fos gene expression impairs long-term memory in aversive taste learning.
Y. Yasoshima, N. Sako, E. Senba, and T. Yamamoto (2006)
PNAS 103, 7106-7111
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sleep after spatial learning promotes covert reorganization of brain activity.
P. Orban, G. Rauchs, E. Balteau, C. Degueldre, A. Luxen, P. Maquet, and P. Peigneux (2006)
PNAS 103, 7124-7129
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Retention of Adaptive Control Over Varying Intervals: Prevention of Slip- Induced Backward Balance Loss During Gait.
T. Bhatt, E. Wang, and Y.-C. Pai (2006)
J Neurophysiol 95, 2913-2922
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Post-retrieval effects of icv infusions of hemicholinium in mice are dependent on the age of the original memory..
M. M. Boccia, M. G. Blake, G. B. Acosta, and C. M. Baratti (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 376-381
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Post-training intrahippocampal injection of synthetic poly-{alpha}-2,8-sialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule mimetic peptide improves spatial long-term performance in mice.
C. Florian, J. Foltz, J.-C. Norreel, G. Rougon, and P. Roullet (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 335-341
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Integrin-driven actin polymerization consolidates long-term potentiation.
E. A. Kramar, B. Lin, C. S. Rex, C. M. Gall, and G. Lynch (2006)
PNAS 103, 5579-5584
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Directly reactivated, but not indirectly reactivated, memories undergo reconsolidation in the amygdala.
J. Debiec, V. Doyere, K. Nader, and J. E. LeDoux (2006)
PNAS 103, 3428-3433
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Emotion enhances remembrance of neutral events past.
A. K. Anderson, P. E. Wais, and J. D. E. Gabrieli (2006)
PNAS 103, 1599-1604
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recent behavioral history modifies coupling between cell activity and Arc gene transcription in hippocampal CA1 neurons.
J. F. Guzowski, T. Miyashita, M. K. Chawla, J. Sanderson, L. I. Maes, F. P. Houston, P. Lipa, B. L. McNaughton, P. F. Worley, and C. A. Barnes (2006)
PNAS 103, 1077-1082
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Declarative memory consolidation in humans: A prospective functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
A. Takashima, K. M. Petersson, F. Rutters, I. Tendolkar, O. Jensen, M. J. Zwarts, B. L. McNaughton, and G. Fernandez (2006)
PNAS 103, 756-761
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anisomycin infused into the hippocampus fails to block "reconsolidation" but impairs extinction: The role of re-exposure duration.
A. E. Power, D. J. Berlau, J. L. McGaugh, and O. Steward (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 27-34
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synaptic Expression of Glutamate Receptor after Encoding of Fear Memory in the Rat Amygdala.
S.-H. Yeh, S.-C. Mao, H.-C. Lin, and P.-W. Gean (2006)
Mol. Pharmacol. 69, 299-308
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Motor Memory Consolidation in Sleep Shapes More Effective Neuronal Representations.
S. Fischer, M. F. Nitschke, U. H. Melchert, C. Erdmann, and J. Born (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 11248-11255
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The effect of music on cognitive performance: insight from neurobiological and animal studies..
N. S. Rickard, S. R. Toukhsati, and S. E. Field (2005)
Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 4, 235-261
   Abstract »    PDF »
Effects of post-training hippocampal injections of midazolam on fear conditioning.
G. M. Gafford, R. G. Parsons, and F. J. Helmstetter (2005)
Learn. Mem. 12, 573-578
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Physiological Dissociation in Hippocampal Subregions in Response to Amygdala Stimulation.
R.-M. Vouimba and G. Richter-Levin (2005)
Cereb Cortex 15, 1815-1821
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spatial Memory Performance 2 Weeks After General Anesthesia in Adult Rats.
C. Crosby, D. J. Culley, M. G. Baxter, R. Yukhananov, and G. Crosby (2005)
Anesth. Analg. 101, 1389-1392
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Endogenous BDNF is required for long-term memory formation in the rat parietal cortex.
M. Alonso, P. Bekinschtein, M. Cammarota, M. R.M. Vianna, I. Izquierdo, and J. H. Medina (2005)
Learn. Mem. 12, 504-510
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)