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Originally published in Science Express on 22 May 2009
Science 10 July 2009:
Vol. 325. no. 5937, pp. 197 - 201
DOI: 10.1126/science.1176225
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Reports

Antigenic and Genetic Characteristics of Swine-Origin 2009 A(H1N1) Influenza Viruses Circulating in Humans

Rebecca J. Garten,1,* C. Todd Davis,1,* Colin A. Russell,2,3 Bo Shu,1 Stephen Lindstrom,1 Amanda Balish,1 Wendy M. Sessions,1 Xiyan Xu,1 Eugene Skepner,2 Varough Deyde,1 Margaret Okomo-Adhiambo,1 Larisa Gubareva,1 John Barnes,1 Catherine B. Smith,1 Shannon L. Emery,1 Michael J. Hillman,1 Pierre Rivailler,1 James Smagala,1 Miranda de Graaf,2,4 David F. Burke,2 Ron A. M. Fouchier,4 Claudia Pappas,1 Celia M. Alpuche-Aranda,5 Hugo López-Gatell,5 Hiram Olivera,5 Irma López,5 Christopher A. Myers,6 Dennis Faix,6 Patrick J. Blair,6 Cindy Yu,7 Kimberly M. Keene,8 P. David Dotson, Jr.,9 David Boxrud,10 Anthony R. Sambol,11 Syed H. Abid,12 Kirsten St. George,13 Tammy Bannerman,14 Amanda L. Moore,15 David J. Stringer,16 Patricia Blevins,17 Gail J. Demmler-Harrison,18 Michele Ginsberg,19 Paula Kriner,20 Steve Waterman,21 Sandra Smole,22 Hugo F. Guevara,23 Edward A. Belongia,24 Patricia A. Clark,25 Sara T. Beatrice,26 Ruben Donis,1 Jacqueline Katz,1 Lyn Finelli,1 Carolyn B. Bridges,1 Michael Shaw,1 Daniel B. Jernigan,1 Timothy M. Uyeki,1 Derek J. Smith,2,3,4,{dagger} Alexander I. Klimov,1 Nancy J. Cox1,{dagger}

Since its identification in April 2009, an A(H1N1) virus containing a unique combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine lineages has continued to circulate in humans. The lack of similarity between the 2009 A(H1N1) virus and its nearest relatives indicates that its gene segments have been circulating undetected for an extended period. Its low genetic diversity suggests that the introduction into humans was a single event or multiple events of similar viruses. Molecular markers predictive of adaptation to humans are not currently present in 2009 A(H1N1) viruses, suggesting that previously unrecognized molecular determinants could be responsible for the transmission among humans. Antigenically the viruses are homogeneous and similar to North American swine A(H1N1) viruses but distinct from seasonal human A(H1N1).

1 WHO Collaborating Center for Influenza, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
2 Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
3 Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
4 Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, NL.
5 Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) Prolongación de Carpio, México, 11340 Mexico DF.
6 Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92152, USA.
7 Arizona State Public Health Laboratory, Phoeniz, AZ 85007, USA.
8 Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO 80230, USA.
9 Indiana State Department of Health Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
10 Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN 55164, USA.
11 Nebraska Public Health Laboratory, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
12 Westchester County Department of Laboratories & Research Public Health Laboratories, Valhalla, NY 10595,USA.
13 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
14 Ohio Department of Health Laboratory, Reynoldsburg, OH 43068, Reynoldsburg, OH 43068, USA.
15 South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Columbia, SC 29223, USA.
16 Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, TX 75207, USA.
17 San Antonio Metro Health District, Brooks City–Base, TX 78235, USA.
18 Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
19 San Diego Public Health Laboratory, San Diego, CA 92186, USA.
20 Imperial County Public Health Department, El Centro, CA 92243, USA.
21 CDC Border Infectious Disease Surveillance Project, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
22 William A. Hinton State Laboratory Institute, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130, USA.
23 California Department of Public Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
24 Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
25 Michigan Department of Community Health, Lansing, MI 48906, USA.
26 Public Health Laboratory, NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY 10016, USA.

* These authors contributed equally to this work.

{dagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dsmith{at}zoo.cam.ac.uk (D.J.S.); njc1{at}cdc.gov (N.J.C.)

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