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Originally published in Science Express on 24 July 2008
Science 29 August 2008:
Vol. 321. no. 5893, pp. 1185 - 1188
DOI: 10.1126/science.1158088
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Reports
The Metamorphosis of Supernova SN 2008D/XRF 080109: A Link Between Supernovae and GRBs/Hypernovae
Paolo A. Mazzali,1,2,3,4*
Stefano Valenti,5,6
Massimo Della Valle,7,8,9
Guido Chincarini,10,11
Daniel N. Sauer,1
Stefano Benetti,2
Elena Pian,12
Tsvi Piran,13
Valerio D'Elia,14
Nancy Elias-Rosa,1
Raffaella Margutti,10
Francesco Pasotti,10
L. Angelo Antonelli,14
Filomena Bufano,2
Sergio Campana,11
Enrico Cappellaro,2
Stefano Covino,11
Paolo D'Avanzo,11
Fabrizio Fiore,14
Dino Fugazza,11
Roberto Gilmozzi,8
Deborah Hunter,5
Kate Maguire,5
Elisabetta Maiorano,15
Paola Marziani,2
Nicola Masetti,15
Felix Mirabel,16
Hripsime Navasardyan,2
Ken'ichi Nomoto,3,4,17
Eliana Palazzi,15
Andrea Pastorello,5
Nino Panagia,18,19
L. J. Pellizza,20
Re'em Sari,13
Stephen Smartt,5
Gianpiero Tagliaferri,11
Masaomi Tanaka,3
Stefan Taubenberger,1
Nozomu Tominaga,3
Carrie Trundle,5
Massimo Turatto19
The only supernovae (SNe) to show gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) or early x-ray emission thus far are overenergetic, broad-lined type Ic SNe (hypernovae, HNe). Recently, SN 2008D has shown several unusual features: (i) weak x-ray flash (XRF), (ii) an early, narrow optical peak, (iii) disappearance of the broad lines typical of SN Ic HNe, and (iv) development of helium lines as in SNe Ib. Detailed analysis shows that SN 2008D was not a normal supernova: Its explosion energy ( E  6 x10 51 erg) and ejected mass [  7 times the mass of the Sun (  )] are intermediate between normal SNe Ibc and HNe. We conclude that SN 2008D was originally a 30 star. When it collapsed, a black hole formed and a weak, mildly relativistic jet was produced, which caused the XRF. SN 2008D is probably among the weakest explosions that produce relativistic jets. Inner engine activity appears to be present whenever massive stars collapse to black holes.
2 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy.
3 Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
4 Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
5 Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.
6 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
7 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Capodimonte Astronomical Observatory, Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131 Napoli, Italy.
8 European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
9 International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Network, Piazzale della Repubblica 10, I-65122 Pescara, Italy.
10 Department of Physics, Universita di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza delle Scienze 3, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
11 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Brera Astronomical Observatory, Via Emilio Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (LC), Italy.
12 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OATs, Via Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
13 The Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
14 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome Astronomical Observatory, Via di Frascati 33, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy.
15 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Via Piero Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
16 European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Santiago, Chile.
17 Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan.
18 Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
19 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Catania Astronomical Observatory, Via Santa Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy.
20 Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio, Casilla de Correos 67, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mazzali{at}mpa-garching.mpg.de
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